Amorphous Nanomaterials

Lin Guo, Professor, is the executive dean of School of Chemistry, Beihang University, China. He has received several scientific awards including the Humboldt Fellowship Award, Germany in 2001, the Outstanding Youth Fund from Nature Science Foundation of China in 2007, the Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2011, and Second Prize of National Natural Science of China in 2013. Also, he was awarded the Fellow of the Royal Society Chemistry in 2015. His research interests focus on synthesis, characterization, and applications of zero-, one-, two- and threedimensional nanomaterials.

• Foreword xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction of Amorphous Materials 11.2 Structural Differences between Amorphous Materials and Crystals 31.2.1 Crystals and Quasicrystals 31.2.2 Amorphous Materials 51.3 History of Amorphous Materials 71.3.1 Establishment of Crystallography 81.3.2 Enlightenment of Amorphous Materials 91.3.3 Modern Amorphous Materials 1-Disordered Elementary Substance 101.3.4 Modern Amorphous Materials 2-Metallic Glass 111.3.5 Modern Amorphous Materials 3-Nontraditional Amorphous Nanomaterials 141.4 Growth Mechanisms of Amorphous Nanomaterials 151.4.1 Classical Nucleation Theory 151.4.2 Multistep Transformation Mechanism with Amorphous Participation 171.4.3 Complex Growth Process in Solution 191.5 Summary and Outlook 19References 202 Local Structure and Electronic State of Amorphous Nanomaterials 232.1 Spherical Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy 232.1.1 Introduction 232.1.2 Spherical Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy 242.1.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in TEM 282.1.4 Applications in Amorphous Nanomaterial Characterization 342.1.5 Summary and Outlook 412.2 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectrum 412.2.1 Introduction 412.2.2 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 422.2.3 X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure 452.2.4 Application in Amorphous Nanomaterial Characterization 472.2.5 Summary and Outlook 51References 523 Defect Characterization of Amorphous Nanomaterials 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Positron Annihilation Spectrum 643.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 713.4 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 793.5 Summary and Outlook 82References 844 Synthesis of 0D Amorphous Nanomaterials 894.1 Introduction 894.2 Bottom-Up Method 904.2.1 Solution-Based Chemical Method 904.2.2 Thermal Treatment Method 984.2.3 Other Methods 1014.3 Top-Down Method 1044.4 Summary and Outlook 106References 1065 Synthesis of 1D Amorphous Nanomaterials 1115.1 Introduction 1115.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 1135.3 Chemical Precipitation Method 1165.4 Electrochemical Deposition Method 1205.5 Templating Method 1225.6 Other Synthetic Methods 1245.7 Summary and Outlook 131References 1326 Synthesis of 2D Amorphous Nanomaterials 1376.1 Introduction 1376.2 Thermal Decomposition Method 1386.3 Exfoliation Method 1396.4 Deposition Method 1436.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition Method 1436.4.2 Electrodeposition Method 1436.5 Chemical Precipitation Method 1476.6 Templating Method 1486.7 Phase Transformation Method 1516.8 Sol–Gel Method 1516.9 Element Doping Method 1526.10 Summary and Outlook 155References 1557 Synthesis of 3D Amorphous Nanomaterials 1637.1 Introduction 1637.2 Template-Engaged Strategies 1637.2.1 Coordinating Etching Method 1647.2.2 Acid/Alkali Etching Method 1667.2.3 Redox Etching Method 1697.2.4 Self-Templated Method 1717.3 Electrochemical Method 1737.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 1747.5 Common Solution Method 1767.6 Laser/Ultrasonic-Assisted Solution Method 1777.7 Other Synthetic Methods 1797.8 Summary and Outlook 182References 1838 Synthesis of Amorphous-Coated and Amorphous-Doped Nanomaterials 1898.1 Introduction 1898.2 Amorphous Coated Nanomaterials by ALD 1908.2.1 Amorphous Metal Oxide Coating 1908.2.2 Amorphous Metal Fluoride Coating 1928.3 Amorphous-Coated Nanomaterials With Different Dimensions 1938.3.1 1D Amorphous-Coated Nanomaterials 1938.3.1.1 Homojunction Structure 1938.3.1.2 Hetrojuction Structure 1978.3.2 2D Amorphous-Coated Nanomaterials 1988.3.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 1988.3.2.2 Ni-Based Nanomaterials 2008.3.2.3 Other Metal-based Nanomaterials 2018.3.3 3D Amorphous-Coated Nanomaterials 2028.3.3.1 Silica Coating 2028.3.3.2 Carbon Coating 2048.3.3.3 Metal Oxide Coating 2058.3.3.4 Metal Sulfide Coating 2078.4 Amorphous-Doped or Hybrid Nanomaterials 2088.4.1 2D Amorphous-Doped Nanomaterials 2088.4.2 3D Amorphous-Doped Nanomaterial 2118.5 Summary and Outlook 215References 2159 Applications of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Electrocatalysis 2239.1 Introduction 2239.2 Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis 2259.3 Amorphous Nanomaterials as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting 2269.3.1 Amorphous Nanomaterials for HER 2269.3.1.1 Amorphous Single Metallic Nanomaterials for HER 2269.3.1.2 Amorphous Binary Metallic Nanomaterials for HER 2329.3.1.3 Amorphous Composite Nanomaterials for HER 2349.3.2 Amorphous Nanomaterials for OER 2379.3.2.1 Amorphous Single Metallic Nanomaterials for OER 2389.3.2.2 Amorphous Binary Metallic Nanomaterials for OER 2419.3.2.3 Amorphous Polynary Metal Nanomaterials for OER 2449.3.2.4 Amorphous Composites for OER 2469.3.3 Amorphous Nanomaterials for ORR 2489.3.3.1 Amorphous Noble Metal-based Nanomaterials for ORR 2499.3.3.2 Amorphous 3d Metal-based Nanomaterials for ORR 2499.3.4 Amorphous Nanomaterials for CRR 2519.3.5 Amorphous Nanomaterials for NRR 2529.3.6 Amorphous Nanomaterials as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts 2539.3.6.1 Amorphous Nanomaterials as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts of HER and OER 2549.3.6.2 Amorphous Nanomaterials as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts of ORR and OER 2569.4 Summary and Outlook 256References 25810 Applications of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Batteries 26910.1 Introduction 26910.2 Negative Electrodes in Batteries 26910.2.1 Amorphous Phosphorus Compounds 26910.2.2 Amorphous Silicon Compounds 27310.2.3 Amorphous Transition Metal Oxides 28010.2.3.1 Amorphous Iron Oxides 28010.2.3.2 Amorphous Titanium Oxides 28110.2.3.3 Amorphous Vanadium-Based Oxides 28210.2.3.4 Amorphous Tin-Based Oxides 28810.2.4 Amorphous Carbon 28910.3 Positive Electrodes in Batteries 29510.3.1 Amorphous Ferric Phosphate 29510.3.2 Amorphous Vanadium-Based Oxides 30010.3.3 Amorphous Metal Polysulfides 30210.4 Summary and Outlook 304References 30611 Applications of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors 31711.1 Introduction 31711.2 Applications in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 31811.3 Applications in Pseudocapacitors 32411.3.1 Amorphous Metal Oxides 32511.3.2 Amorphous Metal Sulfides 33411.3.3 Other Amorphous Nanomaterials 33711.4 Summary and Outlook 341References 34212 Applications of Amorphous Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis 34712.1 Introduction 34712.2 Photocatalytic Degradation 34912.3 Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water 35512.4 Photo-Electrocatalysis 35912.5 Amorphous Nanomaterial as Cocatalyst in Photocatalysis 36312.6 Other Applications in Photocatalysis 36612.7 Summary and Outlook 370References 37013 Engineering Applications of Amorphous Nanomaterials 37513.1 Introduction 37513.2 Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Nanomaterials 37613.2.1 Amorphous Alloys/Metals 37613.2.2 Amorphous Nonmetallic Materials 38213.3 Strategy for Enhancing the Mechanical Performance 38613.3.1 Introduction of Micro/Nanosecond Phase 38713.3.2 Introduction of Micro/Nano-Inhomogeneity 39313.3.3 Surface Modification 39513.3.4 Amorphous Based Composite Materials 39613.4 Summary and Outlook 401References 402Index 407

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