JAMES O'TOOLE is a Research Professor in the Center for Effective Organizations at the University of Southern California, USA, where he has been Chair of Management, Executive Director of the Leadership Institute, and edited the magazine New Management. Formerly Executive Vice President of the Aspen Institute, he served as Managing Director of the Booz Allen Hamilton Strategic Leadership Center. He has published thirteen books and over seventy articles and was the Chairman of the task force that created Work in America. EDWARD E. LAWLER is Founder and Director of the Cente