America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe

Volker R. Berghahn is the Seth Low Professor of History at Columbia University. His recent publications include "Imperial Germany 1871-1914: Economy, Society and Politics, Germany" and the "Approach of War in 1914, Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century", and "The Americanization of West German Industry, 1945-1973".

• Abbreviations ix Introduction xi CHAPTER 1: From Nashua and Berlin to Pearl Harbor 3 Nashua (New Hampshire) and Dartmouth College 3 Student in Weimar Germany 6 Reporting on Europe and Hitler 12 Rescue from the Holocaust 23 CHAPTER 2: Defeating and Rebuilding Germany 26 War Service in Europe 26 Occupied Germany 29 Working for U.S. Military Government 33 Back with the New York Times 44 CHAPTER 3: Public Opinion and High Politics in Semisovereign West Germany 52 Joining U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy 52 Stone's German-American Network 55 McCloy's "Harry Hopkins" 59 Supporting a Democratic Press 68 CHAPTER 4: Mass Society and the Threat of Totalitarianism 77 Elites and Masses 78 Visions of America 85 Totalitarian Dictatorships 92 The Debate on Culture in America 96 CHAPTER 5: Western Intellectuals and the Cold Culture Wars of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) 108 Mass Culture and the Congress for Cultural Freedom 108 Communists and Ex-Communists 113 Rallying the Anti-Soviet Left 126 The Growth of the CCF Empire 132 CHAPTER 6: Internationalizing the Ford Foundation 143 The Biggest Philanthropic Organization in the World 143 The Conditions of Peace Project 145 The Struggle for a European Program 153 Exporting American Culture 168 CHAPTER 7: Philanthropy and Diplomacy 178 Ford's International Program 178 Looking East 187 Midwife to European Philanthropy 194 Cultural and Political Investments 201 CHAPTER 8: The CIA, the Ford Foundation, and the Demise of the CCF Empire 214 The U.S. Government and the Funding of Culture 215 The Ford Foundation's Washington Connections 220 Rescuing the CCF 230 Scandal and Collapse 241 CHAPTER 9: Coping with the New Culture Wars of the 1960s and Beyond 250 The Establishment of the IACF 250 Financial Straits 255 The Cultural Roots of Failure 265 The Berlin Aspen Institute 276 CHAPTER 10: Transatlantic Cultural Relations in the "American Century" 284 APPENDIX I: List of West German Newspapers Subsidized by HICOG 297 APPENDIX II: American Foundations Ranked by Assets, 1960 299 APPENDIX III: International Association for Cultural Freedom, Table of Organization 300 Notes 301 Bibliography 355 Index 363

"This fascinating book is both a biography of the American diplomat Shepard Stone and an intricate account of U.S. cultural policies in Europe after World War II... By throwing light on this neglected but vital story, Berghahn has made a major contribution to the understanding of American hegemony in postwar Europe."--Foreign Affairs "A valuable piece of research about an extraordinary historical event and Mr. Berghahn has told it well."--Arnold Beichman, Washington Times "This is a thoughtful volume by someone equally at home in American and European intellectual history. It recounts the unique career of a man who felt comfortable among the best brains, enabled them to do valuable work, loved to argue, made enemies by putting people down--and made history."--Robert Goldman, The New Leader "An excellent new book... Berghahn combines biography and cultural history to provide a deft portrait of European-American relations in the modern era."--David M. Oshinsky, The New York Times Book Review "An important contribution to intellectual history."--Arnold Beichman, The Weekly Standard "Erudite and thoughtful."--Chioce "This study represents a substantial contribution to the small but growing body of work on the culture and ideas of the Cold War. Above all, it is a truly international study, showing that the traffic in ideas is a worthy subject for students of international relations."--International Affairs "Berghahn ... successfully identifies and illuminates the too-often neglected role of nongovernmental actors in the evolution of American Cold War diplomacy."--Walter L. Hixson, American Historical Review "This is a laudable effort that should provoke much discussion about this aspect of the Cold War. It will also provides an important guidepost for further investigations of the cultural and intellectual cold wars of this period and their lace within the Soviet-American conflict as a whole."--Gregory Moore, The Historian "A significant addition to the burgeoning literature on Americanization."--Brian C. Etheridge, German Studies Review