Eva Mayerhöffer is Associate Professor of Political Journalism and Comparative Media Studies at Roskilde University, Denmark. Miriam Kroman Brems is Postdoctoral Researcher at Aarhus University, Denmark. Tine Ustad Figenschou is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.

• .- Chapter 1. Introduction (Miriam Kroman Brems, Tine Ustad Figenschou, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, and Eva Mayerhöffer).- PART I: CONCEPTUAL CORNERSTONES.- Chapter 2. Conceptualizing and evaluating the democratic role of alternative media: four rival perspectives (Miriam Kroman Brems and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 3. Friends, foes, or it depends? Toward a liberal-democratic normative framework for assessing political alternative media (Jesper Strömbäck).- Chapter 4. Critique beyond the status quo: Alternative media as challengers of social power(Steffen Göths).- Chapter 5. Alternative media logic? An intermedial approach (Kristoffer Holt and BeateSchirrmacher).- Chapter 6. Conceptualizing alternative news use(rs) from a recognition-theoretical perspective(Leif Hemming Pedersen).- Chapter 7. Examining the expressive and social facets of alternative media use: A conceptualframework informed by social identity theory and fan studies (Clara Juarez Miro).- Chapter 8. How counter-authorities challenge epistemic understandings of knowledge: A crisisof truth or a crisis of trust? (Salla Tuomola).- PART II: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES.- Chapter 9. Studying alternative news in an ethical manner: Challenges and best practices (LenaFrischlich and Heidi Schulze).- Chapter 10. Giving voice to radical and extreme actors? Risk assessment, normativity, andethical considerations (Tine Ustad Figenschou and Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk).- Chapter 11. How do we capture the user-perspective? Strategies for recruiting and interviewingusers of alternative media (Miriam Kroman Brems).- Chapter 12. Measuring alternative media use. Considerations on channel-based and selfperceived measurements and their implications (Lena Zils, Florian Wintterlin, Julia Metag, NielsG. Mede, and Mike S. Schäfer).- Chapter 13. Analyzing alternative media with digital trace data (Jakob Bæk Kristensen andErnesto de León).- Chapter 14. Accessing and assessing the content of alternative media: Content analysis andtopic modeling (Philipp Müller).- Chapter 15. The political economy of alternative media: Exploring ownership and organizational frameworks (Ane Mestvedthagen).- PART III: SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS.- Chapter 16. Alternative news ecosystems in context: Relating political, media and culturalconditions to alternative news media supply and demand (Annett Heft and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 17. Activist journalism: alternative media and conditions for social change (LinaMoscoso Teixeira).- Chapter 18. Contestations, resources, and social skills: Understanding alternative news mediaand its relation to journalism through a strategic action field approach (Karoline Andrea Ihlebækand Tine Ustad Figenschou).- Chapter 19. Why the journalistic dimensions of media systems shape the character ofalternative media (Stephen Cushion).- Chapter 20. Alternative social media as new opportunity structures for alternative news (LenaFrischlich).- Chapter 21. Alternative, citizen, or amateur media? Telegram channels as news sources in thecontext of war (Nataliia Steblyna and Liubov Vasylyk).- Chapter 22. Conclusion (Eva Mayerhöffer, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, Tine Ustad Figenschou, and Miriam Kroman Brems).

Eva Mayerhöffer is Associate Professor of Political Journalism and Comparative Media Studies at Roskilde University, Denmark. Miriam Kroman Brems is Postdoctoral Researcher at Aarhus University, Denmark. Tine Ustad Figenschou is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.

• .- Chapter 1. Introduction (Miriam Kroman Brems, Tine Ustad Figenschou, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, and Eva Mayerhöffer).- PART I: CONCEPTUAL CORNERSTONES.- Chapter 2. Conceptualizing and evaluating the democratic role of alternative media: four rival perspectives (Miriam Kroman Brems and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 3. Friends, foes, or it depends? Toward a liberal-democratic normative framework for assessing political alternative media (Jesper Strömbäck).- Chapter 4. Critique beyond the status quo: Alternative media as challengers of social power(Steffen Göths).- Chapter 5. Alternative media logic? An intermedial approach (Kristoffer Holt and BeateSchirrmacher).- Chapter 6. Conceptualizing alternative news use(rs) from a recognition-theoretical perspective(Leif Hemming Pedersen).- Chapter 7. Examining the expressive and social facets of alternative media use: A conceptualframework informed by social identity theory and fan studies (Clara Juarez Miro).- Chapter 8. How counter-authorities challenge epistemic understandings of knowledge: A crisisof truth or a crisis of trust? (Salla Tuomola).- PART II: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES.- Chapter 9. Studying alternative news in an ethical manner: Challenges and best practices (LenaFrischlich and Heidi Schulze).- Chapter 10. Giving voice to radical and extreme actors? Risk assessment, normativity, andethical considerations (Tine Ustad Figenschou and Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk).- Chapter 11. How do we capture the user-perspective? Strategies for recruiting and interviewingusers of alternative media (Miriam Kroman Brems).- Chapter 12. Measuring alternative media use. Considerations on channel-based and selfperceived measurements and their implications (Lena Zils, Florian Wintterlin, Julia Metag, NielsG. Mede, and Mike S. Schäfer).- Chapter 13. Analyzing alternative media with digital trace data (Jakob Bæk Kristensen andErnesto de León).- Chapter 14. Accessing and assessing the content of alternative media: Content analysis andtopic modeling (Philipp Müller).- Chapter 15. The political economy of alternative media: Exploring ownership and organizational frameworks (Ane Mestvedthagen).- PART III: SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS.- Chapter 16. Alternative news ecosystems in context: Relating political, media and culturalconditions to alternative news media supply and demand (Annett Heft and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 17. Activist journalism: alternative media and conditions for social change (LinaMoscoso Teixeira).- Chapter 18. Contestations, resources, and social skills: Understanding alternative news mediaand its relation to journalism through a strategic action field approach (Karoline Andrea Ihlebækand Tine Ustad Figenschou).- Chapter 19. Why the journalistic dimensions of media systems shape the character ofalternative media (Stephen Cushion).- Chapter 20. Alternative social media as new opportunity structures for alternative news (LenaFrischlich).- Chapter 21. Alternative, citizen, or amateur media? Telegram channels as news sources in thecontext of war (Nataliia Steblyna and Liubov Vasylyk).- Chapter 22. Conclusion (Eva Mayerhöffer, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, Tine Ustad Figenschou, and Miriam Kroman Brems).

Eva Mayerhöffer is Associate Professor of Political Journalism and Comparative Media Studies at Roskilde University, Denmark. Miriam Kroman Brems is Postdoctoral Researcher at Aarhus University, Denmark. Tine Ustad Figenschou is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk is Professor of Journalism at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.

• .- Chapter 1. Introduction (Miriam Kroman Brems, Tine Ustad Figenschou, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, and Eva Mayerhöffer).- PART I: CONCEPTUAL CORNERSTONES.- Chapter 2. Conceptualizing and evaluating the democratic role of alternative media: four rival perspectives (Miriam Kroman Brems and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 3. Friends, foes, or it depends? Toward a liberal-democratic normative framework for assessing political alternative media (Jesper Strömbäck).- Chapter 4. Critique beyond the status quo: Alternative media as challengers of social power(Steffen Göths).- Chapter 5. Alternative media logic? An intermedial approach (Kristoffer Holt and BeateSchirrmacher).- Chapter 6. Conceptualizing alternative news use(rs) from a recognition-theoretical perspective(Leif Hemming Pedersen).- Chapter 7. Examining the expressive and social facets of alternative media use: A conceptualframework informed by social identity theory and fan studies (Clara Juarez Miro).- Chapter 8. How counter-authorities challenge epistemic understandings of knowledge: A crisisof truth or a crisis of trust? (Salla Tuomola).- PART II: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES.- Chapter 9. Studying alternative news in an ethical manner: Challenges and best practices (LenaFrischlich and Heidi Schulze).- Chapter 10. Giving voice to radical and extreme actors? Risk assessment, normativity, andethical considerations (Tine Ustad Figenschou and Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk).- Chapter 11. How do we capture the user-perspective? Strategies for recruiting and interviewingusers of alternative media (Miriam Kroman Brems).- Chapter 12. Measuring alternative media use. Considerations on channel-based and selfperceived measurements and their implications (Lena Zils, Florian Wintterlin, Julia Metag, NielsG. Mede, and Mike S. Schäfer).- Chapter 13. Analyzing alternative media with digital trace data (Jakob Bæk Kristensen andErnesto de León).- Chapter 14. Accessing and assessing the content of alternative media: Content analysis andtopic modeling (Philipp Müller).- Chapter 15. The political economy of alternative media: Exploring ownership and organizational frameworks (Ane Mestvedthagen).- PART III: SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS.- Chapter 16. Alternative news ecosystems in context: Relating political, media and culturalconditions to alternative news media supply and demand (Annett Heft and Eva Mayerhöffer).- Chapter 17. Activist journalism: alternative media and conditions for social change (LinaMoscoso Teixeira).- Chapter 18. Contestations, resources, and social skills: Understanding alternative news mediaand its relation to journalism through a strategic action field approach (Karoline Andrea Ihlebækand Tine Ustad Figenschou).- Chapter 19. Why the journalistic dimensions of media systems shape the character ofalternative media (Stephen Cushion).- Chapter 20. Alternative social media as new opportunity structures for alternative news (LenaFrischlich).- Chapter 21. Alternative, citizen, or amateur media? Telegram channels as news sources in thecontext of war (Nataliia Steblyna and Liubov Vasylyk).- Chapter 22. Conclusion (Eva Mayerhöffer, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, Tine Ustad Figenschou, and Miriam Kroman Brems).