Airport Engineering

Norman J. Ashford is Professor Emeritus at Loughborough University of Technology in the UK. He has taught at Georgia Institute of Technology and Florida State University in the United States. He was editor of numerous professional journals and has published over 130 articles in various professional and research publications. The author of four multi-edition books, he currently serves as the Managing Director of his own aviation consulting company, which has worked on over 100 airports in over forty-three countries. Saleh A. Mumayiz is an international consultant in airport planning and development for more than twenty-five years, serving with leading corporations in this field. He served in academic research and continuing education roles in leading U.S. universities. As an active participant in professional (ASCE) and research (TRB) organizations for more than twenty years, he served as chair and member of various TRB and ASCE committees, authoring papers and organizing conferences, workshops, and seminars.Paul H. Wright is Professor Emeritus at Georgia Institute of Technology. He has been active in continuing education programs and has served as a consultant to transportation agencies in the United States and Central America. The author of numerous papers, he is coauthor of three other books: Highway Engineering, Transportation Engineering: Planning and Design, and Introduction to Engineering.

• Preface xi1 The Structure and Organization of Air Transport 11.1 The Need for National and International Organizations 11.2 The International Civil Aviation Organization 11.3 Nongovernmental Organizations 41.4 U.S. Governmental Organizations 41.5 Aviation Planning and Regulation at State Level 61.6 Patterns of Airport Ownership 71.7 Revenues and Expenditures at U.S. Airports 91.8 Sources of Capital Financing for U.S. Airports 111.9 Federal Financing 151.10 The U.S. National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems: A Classification of Airports 18References 202 Forecasting Air Transport Demand 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Components of Air Transport Demand 252.3 Conventional Airport Forecast Methods 262.4 Integrated Demand Forecast Framework 332.5 Multiairport Region Forecast Framework 432.6 Air Trip Distribution Models 602.7 Modal Choice Models 622.8 Generation–Distribution Models 632.9 Air Freight Demand Forecasts 662.10 General Aviation Forecasts 682.11 Route Choice Models 70References 713 Characteristics of Aircraft As They Affect Airports 743.1 Relationships between Aircraft and Airports 743.2 The Influence of Aircraft Design on Runway Length 763.3 Other Airport Layout Factors 943.4 Factors Affecting Airport Capacity 973.5 Noise 983.6 Future Trends in Aircraft Design 101References 1044 Airport System Planning 1054.1 Aviation System Planning 1054.2 Levels of Planning 1064.3 Planning Airport Systems under Different States of Industry 1064.4 Effect of Airline Hubs and Deregulation on U.S. Airport System 1104.5 Air Transport Planning in the United States 1154.6 Airport System Planning in Europe 1294.7 Airport System Plan Analysis 1314.8 Data Structure for Airport System Planning 145References 1485 Airport Master Planning 1505.1 Airport Master Plan: Definition and Objectives 1505.2 Hierarchy of Planning 1515.3 Elements of Airport Master Plan: FAA 1515.4 ICAO Guidelines for Structure of Master Plan 1605.5 Airport Layout Design 1625.6 Data Requirements for Master Planning 1635.7 Structure of Master Plan Report 1675.8 Airport Site Selection 177References 1786 CNS/ATM 1796.1 Evolution of the System 1796.2 U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) 1836.3 CNS/ATM of the NAS 1936.4 Next-Generation Systems 230References 2327 Airport Capacity 2347.1 Introduction 2347.2 Capacity, Level of Service, and Demand Peaking 2357.3 Airside Capacity 2377.4 Factors Affecting Airside Capacity and Delay 2417.5 Determination of Runway Capacity and Delay 2457.6 Annual Service Volume 2567.7 Preliminary Capacity Analyses 2587.8 Calculating Aircraft Delay 2607.9 Taxiway Capacity 2647.10 Gate Capacity 2647.11 Assessing System Capacity–Delay for Airport Development 2667.12 Airport Landside Capacity 273References 2948 Airside Configuration and Geometric Design of the Airside 2978.1 Introduction 2978.2 Principles of Airport Layout 2988.3 Airfield Configuration 2988.4 Runway Orientation 3018.5 Obstructions to Airspace: FAA and ICAO Standards 3098.6 Runway Length 3128.7 Clearways and Stopways 3188.8 ICAO Reference Code 3198.9 FAA Airport Reference Code 3218.10 Separation of Parallel Runways 3228.11 Runway and Taxiway Cross Section 3238.12 Object-Clearing Criteria 3308.13 Longitudinal-Grade Design for Runways and Stopways 3328.14 Longitudinal-Grade Design for Taxiways 3358.15 Taxiway Design 3368.16 Holding Aprons 3408.17 Terminal Aprons 3408.18 Summary 349References 3499 Safeguarding the Airport 3519.1 Airport Safety 3519.2 Airport Security 3599.3 Airport Emergency Planning 3619.4 Planning of Airport Security 3679.5 Safeguarding the Airspace 373References 41210 Passenger Terminal 41410.1 Function of Airport Passenger Terminal 41410.2 Terminal User 41410.3 Facilities Required at Passenger Terminal 41510.4 Passenger and Baggage Flow 41710.5 Security Considerations in Passenger Terminal Design and Layout 41810.6 Terminal Design Concepts 42010.7 Vertical Distribution of Activities 42410.8 Passenger Behavior in Terminal 42610.9 Importance of Passenger Terminal Expenditures 42810.10 Space Requirements for Individual Facilities 42910.11 Baggage Handling 43810.12 Terminals for Low-Cost Carriers 44410.13 Expandability, Modularity, and Flexibility 44410.14 Number of Aircraft Gates 44710.15 Parking Configurations and Apron Layout 45210.16 Apron Facilities and Requirements 454References 45611 Air Cargo Facilities 45711.1 Importance of Air Cargo 45711.2 Functions of Cargo Terminal 45711.3 Factors Affecting Size and Form of Cargo Terminal 45811.4 Flow through Airport Cargo Terminal 46211.5 Pallets, Containers, Igloos, and Other Unitized Systems 46511.6 Freight-Carrying Aircraft 46911.7 Documentation and Control 46911.8 Apron Cargo Handling 47111.9 Elements to Be Considered in Design of Air Freight Terminals 47211.10 Example of Design of Middle-Technology Freight Terminal 47411.11 Design of Highly Mechanized Cargo Terminal with Container Stacks and ETV 47911.12 Mail and Express Parcels Facilities 48511.13 Conclusion 486References 48812 Airport Drainage and Pavement Design 489AIRPORT DRAINAGE 48912.1 Introduction 48912.2 Estimation of Runoff 49012.3 Collection and Disposal of Runoff 49612.4 Subsurface Drainage 504STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT DESIGN 50812.5 Introduction 50812.6 Flexible-Pavement Design Methods (U.S. Practice) 51612.7 Rigid-Pavement Design Methods (U.S. Practice) 52712.8 Pavements for Light Aircraft 53612.9 Aircraft and Pavement Classification Numbers 538References 54113 Airport Access 54313.1 Access Problem 54313.2 Determining Mix of Access Modes 54713.3 Available Access Modes 54813.4 Access Modal Choice Models 55713.5 Parking Space at Airports 55913.6 Curbfront Design 56213.7 Capacity of Access Routes 56413.8 Layout of Access 56413.9 Summary 571References 57114 Heliports, STOLports, and Vertiports 57314.1 Introduction 57314.2 Helicopter Characteristics and Trends 57314.3 Planning and Design of Heliports 57714.4 Planning and Design of STOLports 59514.5 Planning and Design of STOL Facilities 59614.6 Planning and Design of Vertiports 600References 60115 Airport Modeling and Simulation 60215.1 Introduction 60215.2 Definitions and Concepts 60315.3 Airport Simulations 60915.4 Airfield–Airspace Simulation 61015.5 Environmental Simulation Models 63515.6 Airport–Landside Simulation 64415.7 Airport GIS 653References 65516 Airport City 65916.1 Introduction 65916.2 Global City 66016.3 Building Blocks of Airport City 66216.4 Anatomy of Aerotropolis 66616.5 Airport Cities of the World 67316.6 Planning of Airport City and Aerotropolis 700References 70317 Environmental Impacts of Airports 70417.1 Introduction 70417.2 Environmental Legislation 70517.3 Airport Environmental Guidance 70617.4 Environmental Review Process 70717.5 Air Emissions/Quality 71417.6 Biodiversity and Natural Resources 72017.7 Historic, Archaeological, Architectural, and Cultural Resources 72117.8 Noise and Land Use 72117.9 Social and Socioeconomic Resources 72917.10 Waste Management 73117.11 Water Resources 73217.12 Sustainable Development 733References 736Index 739