Craig Lawson, PhD, is Professor of Aircraft Design at Cranfield University, UK. He is a Chartered Engineer, Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. He is an expert in aircraft design focusing on assessment of the impact of novel systems on aircraft design, performance, and assembly. He manages industry and government funded research projects, supervises doctoral candidates, and teaches aircraft conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design to postgraduate students. David Judt is the Head of Airworthiness at Aircraft Completion Engineering, France. He is a Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. Educated at Glasgow University and Cranfield University, he was Senior Lecturer and Course Director for the Aerospace Vehicle Design MSc. program, teaching and researching in the airframe systems field. He now leads the certification and continued airworthiness activities for cabin modifications and oxygen system products.

• Series Preface xiiiAbout the Authors xivPreface xv1 Introduction 11.1 Which Are the Airframe Systems? 21.2 Aircraft Systems Design Processes and Aircraft- Level Considerations 21.3 Systems Integration 2Bibliography 52 Airframe Systems Design Process 62.1 Introduction 62.1.1 Systems Design Approach 62.1.2 Safety Assessment Philosophy 72.1.3 Aircraft Systems Design Methods 82.1.4 Sae Arp4754a 82.1.5 Sae Arp4761 92.2 Requirements Capture 92.3 System Safety Assessment 112.3.1 Functional Hazard Assessment 112.3.2 Development Assurance Process and Levels 132.3.3 Fault Tree Analysis 142.3.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 152.4 System Architectures 162.4.1 Representing Architectures 172.4.2 Architectures for Analysis 182.5 Systems Design for Maintainability 192.5.1 Maintenance Cost Estimation 202.5.2 Accessibility 212.5.3 System Ageing and Obsolescence 232.6 Aircraft Level Trade- off Analysis 252.6.1 Fuel Penalties 252.7 Cost 312.7.1 Subsystem Cost Breakdown 312.7.2 Estimation Approaches 332.8 Summary 35References 353 Aircraft Secondary Power Systems 373.1 Introduction 373.2 Secondary Power Forms 373.2.1 Pneumatic Power Systems 373.2.2 Hydraulic Power Systems 393.2.3 Electrical Power Systems 403.2.4 Variable- Frequency AC 413.2.5 Fixed- Frequency AC 413.2.6 High- Voltage dc 413.2.7 Low- Voltage dc 413.3 Secondary Power Sources 423.3.1 Aircraft- Level Effects 423.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 433.3.3 Trade Study 443.3.4 Main Engines 453.3.5 Auxiliary Power Units 463.3.6 Ground Power Units 473.3.7 Ram Air Turbines 483.3.8 Emergency Power Units 493.3.9 Stored Energy and Batteries 494 Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 514.1 Introduction 514.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 514.2.1 Airworthiness Requirements 524.3 Bleed Air Systems Design 534.4 Bleed Air Systems Components 544.4.1 Pneumatic Valves 544.4.2 Pre- coolers 544.4.3 Ducting 554.5 The Use of Bleed Air 564.5.1 Engine Starting Systems 564.5.2 Engine Thrust Reversing and Variable Nozzle Geometry Systems 574.5.3 Pitot- Static System 574.6 Boeing 767 Pneumatic System 57Bibliography 595 Hydraulic Power Systems 605.1 Introduction 605.2 Hydraulic System Components 615.2.1 Hydraulic Fluids 61Table of Contents ix5.2.2 Hydraulic Pumps 635.2.3 Hydraulic Pumps for Low- Pressure Applications 645.2.4 Hydraulic Pumps for High- Pressure Applications 655.2.5 Hydraulic Piping 685.2.6 Reservoirs 705.2.7 Filters 725.2.8 Accumulators 735.2.9 Pressure Control Valves 745.2.10 Heat Exchangers 755.2.11 Power Control Units 765.3 Hydraulic System Aircraft Applications 785.3.1 Boeing 737 Hydraulic System 785.3.2 BAE Systems Hawk Hydraulic System 805.4 Requirements, System Design, Analysis and Sizing 825.4.1 Requirements Definition 825.4.2 Performance Requirements Analysis 825.4.3 Architecture Definitions 855.4.4 System Simulation and Control 875.5 Summary 89References 896 Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 906.1 Introduction 906.2 The Requirements for Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 916.2.1 Airworthiness Requirements 926.3 Electrical Power Generation 926.3.1 dc Power Generation 926.3.2 AC Power Generation 946.4 Electrical Power Conversion 986.4.1 AC- to- DC Conversion Using TRUs 996.4.2 AC- to- AC Conversion Autotransformers 996.4.3 DC- to- AC Conversion Using Inverters 996.5 Electrical Power Distribution 1006.5.1 Busbar Systems 1006.5.2 Circuit Overload Protection 1006.5.3 Wires and Cablings 1016.5.4 Connectors 1026.5.5 Current Return Earthing and Grounding 1026.5.6 Electrical Bonding and Static Electricity Discharge 1036.6 Electrical Power System Architectures 1046.6.1 Typical 28 VDC System 1046.6.2 Airbus A320 115 VAC 400 Hz System 1056.6.3 Boeing 787 235 VAC System 1066.6.4 F- 22 Raptor 270 VDC System 107References 1077 Flight Control Actuation Systems 1087.1 Introduction 1087.2 Control Surfaces 1097.3 Flight Control Linkage Systems 1117.3.1 Push–Pull Control Rod Systems 1117.3.2 Cable- and- Pulley Systems 1127.4 Trim Systems 1127.5 Feel Systems 1137.5.1 Spring Feel 1137.5.2 ‘Q’ Feel 1137.6 Actuation Systems Using Hydraulic Actuators 1147.6.1 Hydraulic Actuation with Mechanical Control 1147.6.2 Hydraulic Actuation with Electrical Control 1147.6.3 Types of Hydraulic Actuator 1157.7 Actuation Systems Using Electro- Hydrostatic Actuators 1167.8 Actuation Systems Using Electro- Mechanical Actuators 1177.8.1 EMA Components and Operation 1187.8.2 Types of EMA 1187.8.3 EMA Advantages and Challenges 1197.9 Fly- By- Wire Systems 1207.9.1 A320 FBW Actuation System 1207.9.2 A380 FBW Actuation System 1217.10 Actuator Design Requirements and Sizing 1227.11 Basic Actuator Design Considerations and ‘Rules of Thumb’ for Sizing 1237.12 Summary 125Bibliography 1268 Aircraft Icing, Ice and Rain Protection Systems 1278.1 Introduction 1278.2 Aircraft Icing Conditions in Flight 1288.3 Airworthiness Requirements 1308.4 Ice Build- up in Flight 1358.5 Estimation of Ice Accretion on an Aerofoil Surface in Flight 1368.6 Aircraft Ice Protection Systems 1408.6.1 Thermal Ice Protection Systems 1408.6.2 Mechanical Ice Protection Systems 1448.6.3 Chemical Ice Protection Systems 1468.6.4 Hydrophobic and Ice- phobic Anti- icing 1478.7 Aircraft Ground Icing 1478.8 Ground Anti- icing and De- icing 1478.9 Rain Protection 148Bibliography 1499 Aircraft Environmental Control Systems 1509.1 Introduction 1509.2 The Requirements for Aircraft ECS 1509.2.1 Temperature Drivers 1509.2.2 Humidity 152Table of Contents xi9.2.3 Pressure and Oxygen Drivers 1539.2.4 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 1549.2.5 Human Requirements 1549.2.6 Human Fresh Airflow Requirements 1569.2.7 Airworthiness Requirements 1579.3 Cabin Heat Balance Calculations 1589.3.1 Kinetic Heating 1589.3.2 Solar Heating 1589.3.3 Avionics and Airframe Systems Heat Loads 1599.3.4 Aircraft Occupants Heat Loads 1599.3.5 Conduction Through the Aircraft Skin 1599.3.6 Overall Heat Balance Equation 1609.4 ECS Designs 1609.4.1 Ram Air Coolant–Based Systems 1619.4.2 Engine Bleed Powered Air- Cycle Refrigeration 1619.4.3 Electrically Powered Air- Cycle Refrigerators 1669.4.4 Vapour Cycle Refrigeration 1679.5 Environmental Control Subsystems 1689.5.1 Cabin Pressurisation and Control 1689.5.2 Humidity Control 1699.5.3 Ozone Conversion 1709.5.4 Filtration of Re- circulated Cabin Air 1719.5.5 ACM Heat Exchangers 1719.5.6 ACM Compressor and Turbine 1729.5.7 Air Distribution 1739.6 Oxygen Systems 1739.6.1 Liquid Storage of Oxygen 1749.6.2 Oxygen Concentration of Outside Air 1749.6.3 High- Pressure Gaseous Storage of Oxygen 1759.6.4 Oxygen Generation by Chemical Reaction 1769.7 Example Complete ECS 176Bibliography 17810 Fuel and Fuel Systems 17910.1 Introduction 17910.2 Aviation Fuels 17910.2.1 Fuels for Piston- Engine Aircraft 17910.2.2 Fuels for Turbine- Engine Aircraft 18110.3 Fuel System Components 18210.3.1 Fuel Tanks 18210.3.2 Pumps 18510.3.3 Valves 18910.3.4 Level Sensors and Gauging Probes 19010.4 Engine Feed Systems 19210.5 Fuel Transfer Systems 19310.6 Refuel/Defuel Systems 19410.7 Vent Systems 19610.8 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 19710.9 Fuel System Contamination 19810.10 Fuel Jettison 19810.11 Design Process Considerations 19810.11.1 Identify Requirements, System Architecting and Safety Analysis 19910.11.2 Available Fuel Volume Estimation Methods 20010.11.3 Tank Architecture Definition 20110.11.4 Feed, Transfer and Refuel System Sizing 20410.11.5 Vent System Sizing 20610.12 Summary 209References 209Index 210