Aircraft Propulsion

Toward Net-Zero Aviation

Inbunden, Engelska, 2025

2 009 kr

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Updated edition of the successful textbook exploring cutting-edge developments in the field and Net-Zero aviation goals of 2050 Maintaining the successful foundation of previous editions, the fourth edition of Aircraft Propulsion is a forward-looking textbook on propulsion, from the basic principles to more advanced treatments in engine components and system integration, that focuses on the Net-Zero Aviation goals of 2050. This book explores the alphabet of the emerging technology in propulsion by emphasizing electrification and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), including liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hydrogen. This book also covers advanced topics like flow control, adaptive cycle engines (ACE), hybrid-electric propulsion, pulse detonation engines (PDE), propulsion integration, and engine performance testing and instrumentation. Along with content updates, this new edition devotes a new chapter to supersonic and hypersonic propulsion. End-of-chapter problem sets are included as a learning aid with solutions available on a companion website. A quiz appendix with 45 10-minute quizzes helps readers test their knowledge at every stage of learning. Aircraft Propulsion includes information on: Engine thrust and performance parameters, gas turbine engine cycle analysis, and aircraft engine inlets and nozzlesCombustion chambers and afterburners, axial-flow compressor and fan aerodynamics, centrifugal compressor aerodynamics and gas turbine aerodynamics, and heat transfer and cooling technologiesAircraft engine component matching and off-design analysisAvailable on a companion website: Compressible flow with friction and heat, general aviation and uninhabited aerial vehicle propulsion systems, propeller theory, and chemical rocket propulsionAircraft Propulsion is an essential reference on the subject for aerospace and mechanical engineering students in their upper undergraduate or first-year graduate studies, practicing engineers in industry and research centers working on sustainability, and aviation industry engineers.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2025-06-19
Mått175 x 254 x 41 mm
Vikt1 406 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor864
Upplaga4
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781394263110

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Preface to the Fourth Edition xvAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Companion Website xix1 Introduction: Propulsion in Sustainable Aviation 11.1 History of the Airbreathing Jet Engine, a Twentieth-Century Invention—The Beginning 11.2 Innovations in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 41.2.1 Multi-spool Configuration 51.2.2 Variable Stator 51.2.3 Transonic Compressor 51.2.4 Low-Emission Combustor 61.2.5 Turbine Cooling 61.2.6 Exhaust Nozzles 71.2.7 Modern Materials and Manufacturing Techniques 81.3 Twenty-First-Century Aviation Goal: Sustainability 101.3.1 Combustion Emissions 111.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 121.3.3 Fuels for Sustainable Aviation 141.3.4 Emerging Technologies in Sustainable Manufacturing 151.4 New Engine Concepts in Sustainable Aviation 161.4.1 Advanced GT Concepts: ATP/CROR and GTF 161.4.2 Advanced Airbreathing Rocket Technology 171.4.3 Wave Rotor Topping Cycle 181.4.3.1 Humphrey Cycle Versus Brayton Cycle 181.4.4 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 201.4.5 Millimeter-Scale Gas Turbine Engines: Triumph of Micro- Electro-Mechanical Systems and Digital Fabrication 201.4.6 Combined Cycle Propulsion: Engines from Takeoff to Space 211.4.7 Hybrid-Electric and Distributed Electric Propulsion 211.5 New Vehicle Technologies 301.6 Summary 331.7 Roadmap for the Fourth Edition 34References 36Suggested Additional Reading 37Problems 382 Engine Thrust and Performance Parameters 412.1 Introduction 412.1.1 Takeoff Thrust 472.2 Installed Thrust—Some Bookkeeping Issues on Thrust and Drag 472.3 Engine Thrust Based on the Sum of Component Impulse 522.4 Rocket Thrust 552.5 Airbreathing Engine Performance Parameters 562.5.1 Specific Thrust 562.5.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Specific Impulse 572.5.3 Thermal Efficiency 582.5.4 Propulsive Efficiency 622.5.5 Engine Overall Efficiency and Its Impact on Aircraft Range and Endurance 642.6 Modern Engines, Their Architecture, and Some Performance Characteristics 682.7 Summary 72References 73Problems 743 Aircraft Engine Cycle Analysis 833.1 Introduction 833.2 The Gas Generator 833.3 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines 853.3.1 The Turbojet Engine 853.3.1.1 The Inlet 853.3.1.2 The Compressor 903.3.1.3 The Burner 953.3.1.4 The Turbine 1003.3.1.5 The Nozzle 1093.3.1.6 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 1163.3.1.7 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 1243.3.1.8 The Overall Efficiency of a Turbojet Engine 1253.3.1.9 Performance Evaluation of a Turbojet Engine 1263.3.2 The Turbojet Engine with an Afterburner 1273.3.2.1 Introduction 1273.3.2.2 Analysis 1293.3.2.3 Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio for Maximum (Ideal) Thrust Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 1323.3.3 The Turbofan Engine 1383.3.3.1 Introduction 1383.3.3.2 Analysis of a Separate-Exhaust Turbofan Engine 1393.3.3.3 Thermal Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 1433.3.3.4 Propulsive Efficiency of a Turbofan Engine 1443.3.4 Ultra-High Bypass (UHB) Turbofan Engines 1493.4 Analysis of a Mixed-Exhaust Turbofan Engine with an Afterburner 1533.4.1 Mixer 1543.4.2 Cycle Analysis 1563.4.2.1 Solution Procedure 1573.5 The Turboprop Engine 1673.5.1 Introduction 1673.5.2 Turboprop Cycle Analysis 1693.5.2.1 The New Parameters 1693.5.2.2 Design Point Analysis 1693.5.2.3 Optimum Power Split Between the Propeller and the Jet 1733.6 Promising Propulsion and Power Technologies in Sustainable Aviation 1793.6.1 Distributed Combustion Concepts in Advanced Gas Turbine Engine Core 1793.6.2 Multi-fuel (Cryogenic-Kerosene) Hybrid Propulsion Concept 1823.6.3 Intercooled and Recuperated Turbofan Engines 1843.6.4 Active Core Concepts 1853.6.5 Wave-Rotor Combustion 1873.6.6 Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) 1933.6.6.1 Idealized Laboratory PDE: Thrust Tube 1953.6.6.2 Pulse Detonation Ramjet 1963.6.6.3 Turbofan Engine with PDE 1973.6.6.4 Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (PDRE) 1983.6.6.5 Vehicle-Level Performance Evaluation of PDE 1983.7 Summary 200References 201Suggested Additional Reading 203Problems 2044 Aircraft Engine Inlets and Nozzles 2254.1 Introduction 2254.2 The Flight Mach Number and Its Impact on Inlet Duct Geometry 2264.3 Diffusers 2274.4 An Ideal Diffuser 2284.5 Real Diffusers and Their Stall Characteristics 2294.6 Subsonic Diffuser Performance 2314.7 Subsonic Cruise Inlet 2364.8 Transition Ducts 2454.9 An Interim Summary for Subsonic Inlets 2454.10 Supersonic Inlets 2474.10.1 Isentropic Convergent–Divergent Inlets 2474.10.2 Methods to Start a Supersonic Convergent–Divergent Inlet 2494.10.2.1 Overspeeding 2514.10.2.2 Kantrowitz–Donaldson Inlet 2524.10.2.3 Variable-Throat Isentropic C–D Inlet 2544.11 Normal Shock Inlets 2554.12 External Compression Inlets 2584.12.1 Optimum Ramp Angles 2614.12.2 Design and Off-Design Operation 2614.13 Variable Geometry—External Compression Inlets 2644.13.1 Variable Ramps 2644.14 Mixed-Compression Inlets 2654.15 Supersonic Inlet Types and Their Performance—A Review 2664.16 Standards for Supersonic Inlet Recovery 2684.17 Exhaust Nozzle 2684.18 Gross Thrust 2694.19 Nozzle Adiabatic Efficiency 2694.20 Nozzle Total Pressure Ratio 2704.21 Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) and Critical Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR crit) 2704.22 Relation Between Nozzle Figures of Merit, η n and π n 2714.23 A Convergent Nozzle or a De Laval? 2724.24 The Effect of Boundary Layer Formation on Nozzle Internal Performance 2744.25 Nozzle Exit Flow Velocity Coefficient 2744.26 Effect of Flow Angularity on Gross Thrust 2764.27 Nozzle Gross Thrust Coefficient C fg 2794.28 Overexpanded Nozzle Flow—Shock Losses 2804.29 Nozzle Area Scheduling, A 8 and A 9 /A 8 2834.30 Nozzle Exit Area Scheduling, A 9 /A 8 2854.31 Nozzle Cooling 2874.32 Thrust Reverser and Thrust Vectoring 2894.33 Hypersonic Nozzle 2944.34 Exhaust Mixer and Gross Thrust Gain in a Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 2974.35 Engine Noise 2994.35.1 Subsonic Jet Noise 3004.35.2 Chevron Nozzle 3014.35.3 Engine Noise Mitigation Through Wing Shielding 3024.36 Nozzle-Turbine (Structural) Integration 3044.37 Summary of Exhaust Systems 305References 306Suggested Additional Reading 308Problems 3085 Combustion Chambers and Afterburners 3235.1 Introduction 3235.2 Laws Governing Mixture of Gases 3255.3 Chemical Reaction and Flame Temperature 3285.4 Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Composition 3385.4.1 The Law of Mass Action 3395.4.2 Equilibrium Constant K p 3415.5 Chemical Kinetics 3505.5.1 Ignition and Relight Envelope 3515.5.2 Reaction Timescale 3525.5.3 Flammability Limits 3525.5.4 Flame Speed 3555.5.5 Flame Stability 3575.5.6 Spontaneous Ignition Delay Time 3605.5.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 3625.6 Combustion Chamber 3635.6.1 Combustion Chamber Total Pressure Loss 3655.6.2 Combustor Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile 3735.6.3 Combustor Liner and Its Cooling Methods 3745.6.4 Combustion Efficiency 3775.6.5 Some Combustor Sizing and Scaling Laws 3785.6.6 Afterburner 3825.7 Combustion-Generated Pollutants 3865.7.1 Greenhouse Gases, CO 2 and H 2 O 3875.7.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO, and Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHCs) 3885.7.3 Oxides of Nitrogen, NO and NO 2 3895.7.4 Smoke 3895.7.5 Engine Emission Standards 3915.7.6 Low-Emission Combustors 3915.7.7 Impact of NO on the Ozone Layer 3945.7.7.1 Lower Atmosphere 3955.7.7.2 Upper Atmosphere 3955.8 Aviation Fuels 3975.9 Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) 4025.9.1 SAF Evaluation and Certification/Qualification 4025.9.2 Impact of SAF on Emissions 4045.9.3 Net-Zero Carbon Emission in 2050 4055.10 Cryogenic Fuels 4065.10.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 4065.10.1.1 Composition of Natural Gas and LNG 4075.10.2 Hydrogen 4095.10.2.1 Hydrogen Production 4105.10.2.2 Hydrogen Delivery and Storage 4125.10.3 Energy Density Comparison 4125.11 Combustion Instability: Screech and Rumble 4135.11.1 Screech Damper 4135.12 Summary 414References 414Suggested Additional Reading 417Problems 4176 Aerodynamics of Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 4256.1 Introduction 4256.2 The Geometry 4266.3 Rotor and Stator Frames of Reference 4266.4 The Euler Turbine Equation 4296.5 Axial-Flow Versus Radial-Flow Machines 4306.6 Axial-Flow Compressors and Fans 4316.6.1 Definition of Flow Angles 4336.6.2 Stage Parameters 4356.6.3 Cascade Aerodynamics 4496.6.4 Aerodynamic Forces on Compressor Blades 4616.6.5 Three-Dimensional Flow 4686.6.5.1 Blade Vortex Design 4696.6.5.2 Three-Dimensional Losses 4806.6.5.3 Reynolds Number Effect 4856.7 Compressor Performance Map 4866.8 Compressor Instability—Stall and Surge 4906.9 Multistage Compressors and Their Operating Line 4936.10 Multistage Compressor Stalling Pressure Rise and Stall Margin 4986.11 Multistage Compressor Starting Problem 5066.12 The Effect of Inlet Flow Condition on Compressor Performance 5096.13 Isometric and Cutaway Views of Axial-Flow Compressor Hardware 5136.14 Compressor Design Parameters and Principles 5136.14.1 Blade Design—Blade Selection 5196.14.2 Compressor Annulus Design 5206.14.3 Compressor Stall Margin 5206.15 Concepts in Compressor and Fan Noise Mitigation 5296.16 Summary 534References 536Problems 5387 Centrifugal-Compressor Aerodynamics 5537.1 Introduction 5537.2 Centrifugal Compressors 5547.3 Radial Diffuser 5677.4 Inducer 5727.5 Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) and Inducer-Less Impellers 5747.6 Impeller Exit Flow and Blockage Effects 5757.7 Efficiency and Performance 5767.8 Summary 578References 579Problems 5808 Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbines 5878.1 Introduction 5878.2 Axial-Flow Turbines 5878.2.1 Optimal Nozzle Exit Swirl Mach Number M θ 2 5998.2.2 Turbine Blade Losses 6028.2.2.1 Blade Profile Loss 6038.2.2.2 Secondary Flow Losses 6058.2.2.3 Annulus Losses 6068.2.3 Optimum Solidity 6148.2.4 Turbine Cooling 6188.2.4.1 Convective Cooling 6228.2.4.2 Impingement Cooling 6268.2.4.3 Film Cooling 6278.2.4.4 Transpiration Cooling 6308.3 Turbine Performance Map 6318.4 The Effect of Cooling on Turbine Efficiency 6328.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 6348.5.1 Angles 6348.5.2 Other Blade Geometrical Parameters 6358.5.3 Throat Sizing 6368.5.4 Throat Reynolds Number Re o 6368.5.5 Turbine Blade Profile Design 6378.5.6 Blade Vibration and Campbell Diagram 6378.5.7 Turbine Blade and Disk Material Selection and Design Criteria 6388.6 Stresses in Turbine Blades and Disks and Useful Life Estimation 6418.7 Axial-Flow Turbine Design and Practices 6448.8 Gas Turbine Design Summary 6518.9 Advances in Turbine Material and Cooling 6528.10 Summary 654References 655Suggested Additional Reading 657Problems 6579 Aircraft Engine Component Matching and Off-Design Analysis 6699.1 Introduction 6699.2 Engine (Steady-State) Component Matching 6709.2.1 Engine-Corrected Parameters 6719.2.2 Inlet–Compressor Matching 6719.2.3 Compressor–Combustor Matching 6739.2.4 Combustor–Turbine Matching 6759.2.5 Compressor–Turbine Matching and Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 6769.2.5.1 Gas Generator Pumping Characteristics 6789.2.6 Turbine–Afterburner (Variable-Geometry) Nozzle Matching 6849.2.6.1 Fixed-Geometry Convergent Nozzle Matching 6859.3 Engine Off-Design Analysis 6869.3.1 Off-Design Analysis of a Turbojet Engine 6879.3.2 Off-Design Analysis of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine 6909.3.3 Off-Design Analysis of a Separate-Flow Turbofan (Two-Spool) Engine 6939.4 Unchoked Nozzles and Other Off-Design Iteration Strategies 6999.4.1 Unchoked Exhaust Nozzle 6999.4.2 Unchoked Turbine Nozzle 7009.4.3 Turbine Efficiency at Off-Design 7019.4.4 Variable Gas Properties 7019.5 Principles of Engine Performance Testing 7029.5.1 Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 7069.5.1.1 Bellmouth Instrumentation 7069.5.1.2 The Effect of Fluid Viscosity 7079.5.1.3 The Force of Inlet Bellmouth on Engine Thrust Stand 7079.6 Summary 710References 712Problems 71310 Supersonic and Hypersonic Propulsion 72110.1 Introduction 72110.1.1 Flow Control (FC) Strategies 72310.1.2 Low-Boom Supersonic Aircraft 72810.1.3 Thermal Management in High-Speed Propulsion 73010.1.4 Lessons Learned from Hypersonic Flight Accidents 73210.2 Promising Propulsion Concepts in High-Speed Aircraft 73310.3 Adaptive Cycle Engine (ACE) 73410.3.1 Transatlantic Mission 73710.3.2 Mission Overland 73710.4 Subsonic-Combustion Ramjet 73810.5 Supersonic-Combustion Ramjet (Scramjet) 74310.5.1 Inlet Analysis 74410.5.2 Scramjet Combustor 74510.5.3 Scramjet Fuel 74710.5.4 Scramjet Nozzle 74810.5.5 Flight Test of a Scramjet-Powered Hypersonic Aircraft 74810.5.6 Supersonic Jet Noise 74810.5.7 Supersonic Jet Noise Mitigation 75010.6 Rocket-Based Airbreathing Propulsion 75110.7 Advanced Hypersonic Propulsion from Takeoff to Cruise 75410.7.1 Dual-Mode Ramjet (DMRJ) 75410.7.2 Rotating Detonation Wave Combustor 75510.7.3 Dual-Mode Ramjet with Rotating Detonation Combustion 75510.7.4 Hypersonic Propulsion from Takeoff to Cruise 75610.8 Compact Fusion Reactor: The Path to Clean, Unlimited Energy 75710.8.1 Fuels for the Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) 75710.9 Summary 759References 760Problems 763Index 769