This text describes the excess supply of nutrients and manure to agricultural lands and the resulting problems of groundwater contamination and surface water eutrophication. It reviews these practices in the main EU countries and in North America and proposes a new sustainable approach for dealing with this environmental deterioration.
1. Introduction.- Objective of the project.- Project approach.- Sources of information.- Methodology.- The structure of this book.- 2. The European Context.- The International North Sea Conferences (INSC).- The Paris Conventions (PARCOM) amd Oslo Commissions (OSCOM and OSPAR).- The Nitrate Directive of the European Union.- Legal Status of declarations.- 3. The Netherlands.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring and control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.- Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 4. Belgium.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring and control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.- Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 5. Denmark.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring and control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.-Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 6. France.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring, control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.- Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 7. Germany.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring and control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.- Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 8. United Kingdom.- Country condition.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Need and purpose of existing policy and regulation (international and national).- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- Monitoring and control, record keeping and verification.- Financial measures and incentives.- Effect of measures.- Role of different actors.- Future developments.- 9. United States.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions of soils, surface-, ground- and drinking water.- Policy formulation and legal incorporation (international and national).- Regulatory controls.- State regulations for manurecontrols.- 10. Canada.- Environmental pressures and sources.- Ambient environmental conditions.- Policy formulation and legal incorporation.- Regulatory controls.- Provincial regulations for manure controls.- 11. International Comparisons.- Comparison of environmental pressures.- Comparison of policies.- Conclusions from international comparison.- 12. Conclusions and Recommendations.- The Netherlands.- Belgium.- Denmark.- France.- Germany.- United Kingdom.- United States.- Canada.- Conclusions and recommendations.- About the Authors.