Ekin Mahmuzlu, Ph.D., Işık University (Istanbul), is Lecturer at the Humanities and Social Sciences Department of the same university. He has previously published book chapters and articles on maritime trade, including The Premodern Ottoman Navy and its Transformation and its Transformation during the Greek Revolution," in Greek and Shipping during the War of Independence (1821-1831).

• ContentsAcknowledgementsList of Maps, Figures, Graphs, and TablesA Note on Units of MeasurementA Note on Geographical Names1 Introduction1 Main Question2 Contributions2 Geography and Commercial History of the Southeastern Black Sea Region (1829–1914)1 Geography, Agriculture, and Commerce2 Long-Term Trends in Commerce3 Chapter Summary3 Maritime Change (1829–1914)1 The First Generation of Steamships (1836–1853)2 The Second Generation of Steamships (1856–1879)3 The Third Generation of Steamships (1879–1914)4 Chapter Summary4 Commercial Age of Change: Formation and Transformation of Long-Distance Markets1 Imperfections in the Local Market2 Formation of Long-Distance Markets (The Mid-1850s– Late 1860s)3 Transformation of Long-Distance Markets (The Late 1880s–1910s)4 Chapter Summary5 Long-Distance Markets and Agricultural Change1 The First Period of Agricultural Change: Tobacco and Haricot Beans (The Mid-1850s to Late 1860s)2 The Second Period of Agricultural Change: Cereals, Tobacco, and Hazelnuts (1890s–1910s)3 Chapter Summary6 Agricultural Age of Change: Change in Production Processes1 Ecology, Climate, and Technology2 Changes in the Labor and Agricultural Calendars3 Chapter Summary7 Agricultural Age of Change: Growth (1880s–1910s)1 Extensive Growth in Grains2 Growth in Industrial Crops, Cash Crops, and Fruits3 Chapter Summary8 Conclusion1 Geographical, Ecological, and Economic Premises2 Areas for Further ResearchAppendix 1: MerchantsAppendix 2: PhotosAppendix 3: ClimateAppendix 4: Tobacco Expedition of 1844–1847 310Appendix 5: Long-term Prices (Durum/Hard Wheat) 326Appendix 6: Long-Term Prices (Barley) 334Appendix 7: Long-Term Prices (Maize) 342Appendix 8: Long-Term Prices (Hazelnut) 350Appendix 9: Long-Term Prices (Haricot Beans) 357Appendix 10: Prices of Tobacco 364Appendix 11: Population Statistics 366Appendix 12: Various Agricultural Estimations 367Appendix 13: Agricultural Estimations of Late-1880s and 1909 369Bibliography 382

Ekin Mahmuzlu, Ph.D., Işık University (Istanbul), is Lecturer at the Humanities and Social Sciences Department of the same university. He has previously published book chapters and articles on maritime trade, including The Premodern Ottoman Navy and its Transformation and its Transformation during the Greek Revolution," in Greek and Shipping during the War of Independence (1821-1831).

• ContentsAcknowledgementsList of Maps, Figures, Graphs, and TablesA Note on Units of MeasurementA Note on Geographical Names1 Introduction1 Main Question2 Contributions2 Geography and Commercial History of the Southeastern Black Sea Region (1829–1914)1 Geography, Agriculture, and Commerce2 Long-Term Trends in Commerce3 Chapter Summary3 Maritime Change (1829–1914)1 The First Generation of Steamships (1836–1853)2 The Second Generation of Steamships (1856–1879)3 The Third Generation of Steamships (1879–1914)4 Chapter Summary4 Commercial Age of Change: Formation and Transformation of Long-Distance Markets1 Imperfections in the Local Market2 Formation of Long-Distance Markets (The Mid-1850s– Late 1860s)3 Transformation of Long-Distance Markets (The Late 1880s–1910s)4 Chapter Summary5 Long-Distance Markets and Agricultural Change1 The First Period of Agricultural Change: Tobacco and Haricot Beans (The Mid-1850s to Late 1860s)2 The Second Period of Agricultural Change: Cereals, Tobacco, and Hazelnuts (1890s–1910s)3 Chapter Summary6 Agricultural Age of Change: Change in Production Processes1 Ecology, Climate, and Technology2 Changes in the Labor and Agricultural Calendars3 Chapter Summary7 Agricultural Age of Change: Growth (1880s–1910s)1 Extensive Growth in Grains2 Growth in Industrial Crops, Cash Crops, and Fruits3 Chapter Summary8 Conclusion1 Geographical, Ecological, and Economic Premises2 Areas for Further ResearchAppendix 1: MerchantsAppendix 2: PhotosAppendix 3: ClimateAppendix 4: Tobacco Expedition of 1844–1847 310Appendix 5: Long-term Prices (Durum/Hard Wheat) 326Appendix 6: Long-Term Prices (Barley) 334Appendix 7: Long-Term Prices (Maize) 342Appendix 8: Long-Term Prices (Hazelnut) 350Appendix 9: Long-Term Prices (Haricot Beans) 357Appendix 10: Prices of Tobacco 364Appendix 11: Population Statistics 366Appendix 12: Various Agricultural Estimations 367Appendix 13: Agricultural Estimations of Late-1880s and 1909 369Bibliography 382

Ekin Mahmuzlu, Ph.D., Işık University (Istanbul), is Lecturer at the Humanities and Social Sciences Department of the same university. He has previously published book chapters and articles on maritime trade, including The Premodern Ottoman Navy and its Transformation and its Transformation during the Greek Revolution," in Greek and Shipping during the War of Independence (1821-1831).

• ContentsAcknowledgementsList of Maps, Figures, Graphs, and TablesA Note on Units of MeasurementA Note on Geographical Names1 Introduction1 Main Question2 Contributions2 Geography and Commercial History of the Southeastern Black Sea Region (1829–1914)1 Geography, Agriculture, and Commerce2 Long-Term Trends in Commerce3 Chapter Summary3 Maritime Change (1829–1914)1 The First Generation of Steamships (1836–1853)2 The Second Generation of Steamships (1856–1879)3 The Third Generation of Steamships (1879–1914)4 Chapter Summary4 Commercial Age of Change: Formation and Transformation of Long-Distance Markets1 Imperfections in the Local Market2 Formation of Long-Distance Markets (The Mid-1850s– Late 1860s)3 Transformation of Long-Distance Markets (The Late 1880s–1910s)4 Chapter Summary5 Long-Distance Markets and Agricultural Change1 The First Period of Agricultural Change: Tobacco and Haricot Beans (The Mid-1850s to Late 1860s)2 The Second Period of Agricultural Change: Cereals, Tobacco, and Hazelnuts (1890s–1910s)3 Chapter Summary6 Agricultural Age of Change: Change in Production Processes1 Ecology, Climate, and Technology2 Changes in the Labor and Agricultural Calendars3 Chapter Summary7 Agricultural Age of Change: Growth (1880s–1910s)1 Extensive Growth in Grains2 Growth in Industrial Crops, Cash Crops, and Fruits3 Chapter Summary8 Conclusion1 Geographical, Ecological, and Economic Premises2 Areas for Further ResearchAppendix 1: MerchantsAppendix 2: PhotosAppendix 3: ClimateAppendix 4: Tobacco Expedition of 1844–1847 310Appendix 5: Long-term Prices (Durum/Hard Wheat) 326Appendix 6: Long-Term Prices (Barley) 334Appendix 7: Long-Term Prices (Maize) 342Appendix 8: Long-Term Prices (Hazelnut) 350Appendix 9: Long-Term Prices (Haricot Beans) 357Appendix 10: Prices of Tobacco 364Appendix 11: Population Statistics 366Appendix 12: Various Agricultural Estimations 367Appendix 13: Agricultural Estimations of Late-1880s and 1909 369Bibliography 382