Rubin Patterson has a master's degree in engineering from George Washington University and a doctorate in sociology from Howard University. Presently, he is a professor of sociology at the University of Toledo. His present research interests include brain circulation, transnational society, and technology and development in Africa.

• Introduction Rubia Patterson Going Around the Drain-Gain Debate with Brain Circulation References 13 1. PAN-AFRICAN BRAIN CIRCULATION Cynthia Lucas HewittIntroduction 15 Pan-Africanism and World-Systems Theory 17 Pan-Africanism and Transnationalism 22 Brain Circulation 25 Testing Brain Circulation 27 African Diaspora Immigration and Brain Circulation 28 Discussion 33 Conclusion 38 References 38 2 .DIASPORA REMITTANCES AND THE FINANCING OF BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN FRANCOPHONE AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Fondo Sikod and Gérard Tchouassi Introduction 41 Methodology 43 Discussions 44 Conclusion, Lessons Learned and Recommendations 54 References 55 3. GLOBALIZATION, MIGRATION, AND THE CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA John Akokpari Introduction 59 Development 61 The Reality of Africa's Developmental Crisis 62 Globalization and Migration 64 Migration and Africa's Development 68 The Effects of Migration on Africa's Development The Unending Debate 71 Managing Africa's Skill Emigration Prospects and Problems 80 Conclusion 82 References 83 4. ON THE BRAIN DRAIN OF AFRICANS TO AMERICA: SOME METHODOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo, Bahrour K. Takyi and Jesse R. Mann Background and Problem Statement 87 Measurement Issues and Implications 90 Conclusion 92 References 93 5. CYBERORGANIZING UNITED STATES CONSTITUENCIES FOR AFRICA Jill M. Humphries Introduction 95 The "Non-Democratic" Nature of U.S. Foreign Policy 97 Resources and Communication Networks 99 Methodology 104 The National Summit in Historical Context 107 Results 109 Discussion 120 References 123 6. BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT: A CURRENT TRACE OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA Paulo Moreno-Zapata Introduction 127 Globalization, Ethnicity, and the Environment: Finding Similarities, Building Global Communities 130 Ethno-Development and Territory 132 Biodiversity: The Case of African Colombians in the Pacific Coast 134 The African Colombian Institutional Strengthening and the Biodiversity Network 136 Conclusions 138 Acknowledgement 139 References 139 7. BUILDING THE NEW AFRICAN ECO-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: CIRCULATING BRAINS AND RECYCLING MATERIALS Rubia Patterson Introduction 143 A New Production Genus: From Destructo-Industrial to Eco-Industrial 146 Pioneering an Ecological Economy 149 Brain Circulation: Digital Asia and Eco-Industrial Africa 154 Building an Ecological Economy: The Potential Case of Liberia 158 Conclusion 163 Acknowledgment 164 References 164 8. BRAIN DRAIN AND ITS IMPACT ON ETHIOPIA'S HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTIONS: MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND THE MILITARY ACADEMIES BETWEEN 1970S AND 2000 Solomon A. Getahun Introduction 168 Context of Migration: The Development of Higher Education in Ethiopia 168 Context of Migration: Political Repression 170 Another "Push" Factor: Lack of Infrastructural Development and Absence of Government Incentive for the Educated 173 The Possibility of Brain Gain 178 Conclusion 181 References 183 Index 185