Sebastian Elischer, Ph.D. (2010) in Comparative Politics, Jacobs University Bremen, is assistant professor of comparative politics at the Leuphana University Lüneburg and the German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg. He is the author of Political Parties and Ethnicity in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2013). He has published on institutional change and democratization in Africa. Rolf Hofmeier, Ph.D. (1970) in Economics and Economic Geography, University of Munich, worked as economic advisor in Tanzania and was Director of the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg 1976-2000. He has written extensively on socioeconomic issues mainly in Eastern Africa and was Editor of the (German language) Africa Yearbook 1987-2003.Andreas Mehler, Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, and honorary Professor of Political Science at the Free University, Berlin. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and of The Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.

• PrefaceList of AbbreviationsFactual OverviewI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Sebastian Elischer, Rolf Hofmeier, Andreas Mehler & Henning Melber) II. African-European Relations (Christine Hackenesc & Niels Keijzer)III. West Africa (Sebastian Elischer) Benin (Alexander Stroh) Burkina Faso (Dan Eizenga) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Alfred Babo) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Helena Olsson & Claes Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) IV. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Carter) DR Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas Yates) São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) V. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jean Nicholas Bach) Kenya (Gabrielle Lynch) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) Somalia (Stig Hansen) South Sudan (Peter Woodward) Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VI. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard Marcus) Malawi (Lewis B. Dzimbiri & Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (Marisha Ramdeen & Senzo Ngubane) Zambia (Edalina Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Kamete) List of Authors

Sebastian Elischer, Ph.D. (2010) in Comparative Politics, Jacobs University Bremen, is assistant professor of comparative politics at the Leuphana University Lüneburg and the German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg. He is the author of Political Parties and Ethnicity in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2013). He has published on institutional change and democratization in Africa. Rolf Hofmeier, Ph.D. (1970) in Economics and Economic Geography, University of Munich, worked as economic advisor in Tanzania and was Director of the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg 1976-2000. He has written extensively on socioeconomic issues mainly in Eastern Africa and was Editor of the (German language) Africa Yearbook 1987-2003.Andreas Mehler, Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, and honorary Professor of Political Science at the Free University, Berlin. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and of The Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.

• PrefaceList of AbbreviationsFactual OverviewI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Sebastian Elischer, Rolf Hofmeier, Andreas Mehler & Henning Melber) II. African-European Relations (Christine Hackenesc & Niels Keijzer)III. West Africa (Sebastian Elischer) Benin (Alexander Stroh) Burkina Faso (Dan Eizenga) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Alfred Babo) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Helena Olsson & Claes Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) IV. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Carter) DR Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas Yates) São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) V. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jean Nicholas Bach) Kenya (Gabrielle Lynch) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) Somalia (Stig Hansen) South Sudan (Peter Woodward) Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VI. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard Marcus) Malawi (Lewis B. Dzimbiri & Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (Marisha Ramdeen & Senzo Ngubane) Zambia (Edalina Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Kamete) List of Authors

Sebastian Elischer, Ph.D. (2010) in Comparative Politics, Jacobs University Bremen, is assistant professor of comparative politics at the Leuphana University Lüneburg and the German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg. He is the author of Political Parties and Ethnicity in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2013). He has published on institutional change and democratization in Africa. Rolf Hofmeier, Ph.D. (1970) in Economics and Economic Geography, University of Munich, worked as economic advisor in Tanzania and was Director of the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg 1976-2000. He has written extensively on socioeconomic issues mainly in Eastern Africa and was Editor of the (German language) Africa Yearbook 1987-2003.Andreas Mehler, Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, and honorary Professor of Political Science at the Free University, Berlin. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and of The Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.

• PrefaceList of AbbreviationsFactual OverviewI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Sebastian Elischer, Rolf Hofmeier, Andreas Mehler & Henning Melber) II. African-European Relations (Christine Hackenesc & Niels Keijzer)III. West Africa (Sebastian Elischer) Benin (Alexander Stroh) Burkina Faso (Dan Eizenga) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Alfred Babo) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Helena Olsson & Claes Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) IV. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Carter) DR Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas Yates) São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) V. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jean Nicholas Bach) Kenya (Gabrielle Lynch) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) Somalia (Stig Hansen) South Sudan (Peter Woodward) Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VI. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard Marcus) Malawi (Lewis B. Dzimbiri & Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (Marisha Ramdeen & Senzo Ngubane) Zambia (Edalina Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Kamete) List of Authors