Andreas Mehler Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor/Director emeritus of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Klaas van Walraven Ph.D. (1997), University of Leiden, is an historian and political scientist at the African Studies Centre in Leiden, focusing on West Africa. He has written extensively on international relations issues (OAU, AU, ECOMOG) and he has also published an historical study on Niger, The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger (Brill, 2013).

• i. Preface ii. List of Abbreviations iii. Factual Overview iv. List of AuthorsI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Valerio Bosco)III. African-European Relations (Mark Furness) IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou) Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser)Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler)Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Logan Carter) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph N. Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas A. Yates)São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) Kenya (Nic Cheeseman) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) South Sudan (Peter Woodward)Somalia (Jon Abbink)Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) Malawi (Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali & Lewis B. Dzimbiri) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) Zambia (Edalina Rodrigues Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete)

Andreas Mehler Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor/Director emeritus of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Klaas van Walraven Ph.D. (1997), University of Leiden, is an historian and political scientist at the African Studies Centre in Leiden, focusing on West Africa. He has written extensively on international relations issues (OAU, AU, ECOMOG) and he has also published an historical study on Niger, The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger (Brill, 2013).

• i. Preface ii. List of Abbreviations iii. Factual Overview iv. List of AuthorsI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Valerio Bosco)III. African-European Relations (Mark Furness) IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou) Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser)Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler)Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Logan Carter) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph N. Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas A. Yates)São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) Kenya (Nic Cheeseman) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) South Sudan (Peter Woodward)Somalia (Jon Abbink)Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) Malawi (Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali & Lewis B. Dzimbiri) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) Zambia (Edalina Rodrigues Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete)

Andreas Mehler Ph.D. (1993) in Political Science, University of Hamburg, is Director of the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg. He has published extensively on democratisation processes and violent conflicts in West and Central Africa. With Henning Melber he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Henning Melber, Ph.D. (1980) in Political Science, University of Bremen, is Senior Advisor/Director emeritus of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation in Uppsala, Sweden and Extraordinary Professor at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and the Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State. He has published extensively on Southern Africa and in particular Namibia. With Andreas Mehler he is managing editor of Africa Spectrum.Klaas van Walraven Ph.D. (1997), University of Leiden, is an historian and political scientist at the African Studies Centre in Leiden, focusing on West Africa. He has written extensively on international relations issues (OAU, AU, ECOMOG) and he has also published an historical study on Niger, The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger (Brill, 2013).

• i. Preface ii. List of Abbreviations iii. Factual Overview iv. List of AuthorsI. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Valerio Bosco)III. African-European Relations (Mark Furness) IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou) Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) Guinea (Anita Schroven) Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) Liberia (Lansana Gberie) Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) Niger (Klaas van Walraven) Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser)Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) Togo (Dirk Kohnert) V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler)Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) Congo (Brett Logan Carter) Democratic Republic of the Congo (Claudia Simons) Equatorial Guinea (Joseph N. Mangarella) Gabon (Douglas A. Yates)São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) Kenya (Nic Cheeseman) Rwanda (Susan Thomson) Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) South Sudan (Peter Woodward)Somalia (Jon Abbink)Sudan (Peter Woodward) Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) Uganda (Volker Weyel) VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) Angola (Jon Schubert) Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) Lesotho (Roger Southall) Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) Malawi (Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali & Lewis B. Dzimbiri) Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) Namibia (Henning Melber) South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) Zambia (Edalina Rodrigues Sanches) Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete)