Advances in Sustainable Polymer Composites

Ts. Dr. Md Rezaur Rahman is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia. Since 2012, he has also served as a Visiting Research Fellow at the Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Japan. His academic journey includes experience as a teaching assistant at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and as a Research Project Leader under the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education. In 2015, he was appointed as an External Supervisor at the Faculty of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Rahman holds a Ph.D. from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and brings over 12 years of experience in teaching, research, and industry collaboration. His research expertise spans conducting polymers, nanocomposites, and advanced materials, including graphene, nanoclay, fire retardants, and nanocellulose-reinforced polymer composites. He has made significant contributions to the development of hybrid-filled polymer blends and the chemical modification of lignocellulosic fibers such as jute, coir, and kenaf. To date, Dr. Rahman has authored seven books, 20 book chapters, and over 200 articles in international journals, establishing himself as a prominent researcher in polymer science and nanotechnology. He is also listed in Stanford University's Top 2% Scientists list of the world's most cited scientists.

• 1 Importance of sustainable polymers for modern society anddevelopment 1Rezaur Rahman, Nur-Azzah Afifah Binti Taib,Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Siti Noor Linda bt Taib1.1 Introduction 11.2 Current application of polymers 21.3 Waste production from the applications of polymers 131.4 Environmental effects of nonbiodegradable polymers 161.5 Current application of biodegradable polymers 181.6 Environmental effects of biodegradable polymers 251.7 Sustainability of polymers 261.8 Conclusion 29References 312 Physical and chemical properties of sustainable polymers andtheir blends 37Md. Saiful Islam and Md. Moynul Islam2.1 Introduction 372.2 Properties, modification techniques, and the application ofPLA and chitosan 382.3 Modifications process of PLA 392.4 Various blending 422.5 The effect of nanoparticles on blending composites 482.6 Conclusion 52Acknowledgment 53References 533 Sustainable reinforcers for polymer composites 59Md. Saiful Islam and Md. Moynul Islam3.1 Introduction 593.2 Natural fibers 613.3 Properties of natural fibers 713.4 Properties of natural fiber composites 713.5 Fiber processing 713.6 Chemical treatments 733.7 Effect of chemical treatments on natural fibers 763.8 Scanning electron microscopy 773.9 Tensile properties 783.10 Flexural properties 793.11 Impact properties 803.12 Applications 803.13 Future market trends 823.14 Summary 82Acknowledgment 82References 834 Sustainable resin systems for polymer composites 89Faisal I. Chowdhury4.1 Introduction 894.2 Hybrid resin composites 904.3 Flowable (low-viscosity) composite resin 914.4 Nanocomposite resins 934.5 Carbon nanocomposite resins 934.6 Metal oxide nanocomposite resins 964.7 Natural fiber 4.8 Self-healing composite resins 994.9 Antimicrobial composite resins 1024.10 3D printable antimicrobial composite resins 1034.11 Stimuli-responsive composite resins 103References 1055 Use of sustainable polymers to make green composites 109Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md Rezaur Rahman,Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Elammaran Jayamani and Afrasyab Khan5.1 Introduction of polymers 1095.2 Types of polymers 1105.3 Characterization and testing method based on standards 1145.4 Composites manufacturing process 1235.5 Summary 124References 1246 Electrical properties in reinforced polymer composites 131Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md. Rezaur Rahman, Elammaran Jayamani,Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Afrasyab Khan6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Utilization of fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 1326.3 Hybrid fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 1326.4 Dielectrical properties of polymer composites 1336.5 Resistivity of polymer composites 1356.6 Applications of polymer composites in electrical and electronicindustry 1366.7 Summary 137References 1387 Rheological behavior and transport of molten polymers andgas Khairuddin Sanaullah and Afrasyab Khan7.1 Introduction 1417.2 Flow properties of polymer liquids 1427.3 Transport equations of molten polymer flows 1497.4 Multiphase flows 156Appendix A Derivation of Hagen flow 174Appendix B One-dimensional momentum equation for gas Newtonianliquid two-phase flow for separated flow regime 176References 1798 Applications of sustainable polymer composites in automobile andaerospace industry 185Adamu Muhammad, Md Rezaur Rahman, Rubiyah bt Hj Baini andMuhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri8.1 Introduction 1858.2 Automobile industry 1878.3 Aerospace industry 1958.4 Challenges of implementing sustainable polymer composites forautomobiles and aircrafts 2008.5 Conclusion 201References 2019 Hybrid sustainable polymer composites 209Sweety Shahinur and Mahbub Hasan9.1 Introduction 2099.2 Hybrid composite 2119.3 Sustainability of polymer composite 2169.4 Case study 2249.5 Summary and concluding remarks 224References 22610 Nano-reinforcement in sustainable polymer composites 231Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md. Rezaur Rahman,Siti Noor Linda Taib, Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Akshay Kakar andElammaran Jayamani10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Types of nonrenewable nano-reinforcements 23210.3 Types of renewable nano-reinforcements 23710.4 Applications of nano-reinforced polymer composites 23810.5 Summary 239References 23911 Life cycle assessment of sustainable composites 245Elammaran Jayamani, Tee Jun Jie and Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri11.1 Composite materials 24511.2 Characteristic of composite material 24511.3 Characteristic of composite material 24511.4 Importance of composite material in aerospace industry 24611.5 Current application of synthetic fiber polymer composite inaerospace industry 24711.6 Current application of natural fiber polymer composites inaerospace industry 24811.7 Life cycle assessment 24911.8 Application of life cycle assessment in aviation industry 25211.9 Methodology 25211.10 Result and discussion 25611.11 Conclusion 263References 26412 Recycling of sustainable polymers and composites 267Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md. Rezaur Rahman, Elammaran Jayamani andMuhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri12.1 Introduction 26712.2 Sustainable polymers 26812.3 Recycling thermoplastic polymers and composites 26912.4 Recycling thermoset polymers and composites 27012.5 Primary recycling 27112.6 Mechanical recycling 27212.7 Chemical recycling 27212.8 Challenges of recycling polymers and composites 27512.9 Summary 277References 277Index 283