Advances in Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs and Cats

James M. Fingeroth, DVM, DACVS, is Senior Staff Surgeon at the Orchard Park Veterinary Medical Center in Orchard Park, New York, USA.William B. Thomas, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology) is Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

• Contributors viiiForeword xiRick LeCouteur Foreword xivMark D. Markel, American College of Veterinary Surgeons FoundationPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiSection I Intervertebral Disc Structure and Function 11 Embryology, Innervation, Morphology, Structure, and Function of the Canine Intervertebral Disc 3John F. Innes and James Melrose2 Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc and Why Do Discs Displace? 8Lucas A. Smolders and Franck Forterre3 Comparisons between Biped (Human)  and Quadruped (Canine/Feline) Intervertebral Disc Disease 14Niklas Bergknut, Franck Forterre, Jonathan M. Levine, Steven D. Lasser, and James M. FingerothSection II Disc Disease: Degenerative and other Pathology 234 Historical and Current Nomenclature Associated with Intervertebral Disc Pathology 25Jonathan M. Levine and James M. Fingeroth5 What Do We Know about the Incidence of Disc Disease in Chondrodystrophoid Dogs? 32William B. Thomas, James M. Fingeroth, and Ragnvi Hagman6 Feline Intervertebral Disc Disease 36Michael Farrell and Noel Fitzpatrick7 Is “Wobbler” Disease Related to Disc Disease? 50Noel Fitzpatrick and James M. Fingeroth8 Spondylosis Deformans 67William B. Thomas and James M. Fingeroth9 What is Fibrocartilaginous Embolism and Is It Related to IVDD? 75Luisa De RisioSection III Clinical Features of Intervertebral Disc Disease and Important Differentials 8910 History, Neurologic Examination, and Neuroanatomic Localization for Spinal Cord and Nerve Root Disease 91William B. Thomas and Luisa De Risio11 Deep Pain: How Should We Test and Interpret Nociception? 107James M. Fingeroth, William B. Thomas, and Luisa De Risio12 Ascending/Descending Myelomalacia Secondary to Intervertebral Disc Herniation 115James M. Fingeroth and Alexander de Lahunta13 Traumatic Disc Extrusions 121Luisa De Risio, William B. Thomas, and James M. Fingeroth14 “Discogenic” Pain (Signs Associated With Disc Degeneration But Without Herniation): Does It Occur? 127James M. Fingeroth and James Melrose15 Compressive and Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Secondary to Intervertebral Disc Displacement: A Clinical Perspective 131James M. Fingeroth, Franck Forterre, and Jonathan M. Levine16 Advances in Imaging for Intervertebral Disc Disease 135Patrick R. Gavin and Jonathan M. Levine17 The Role of Nonimaging-Based Diagnostic Studies for Intervertebral Disc Herniation 147Gwendolyn J. Levine18 Recurrent Intervertebral Disc Herniation 151Brigitte A. Brisson19 When Should Dogs Be Referred for Imaging and Surgery? 156James M. Fingeroth and William B. Thomas20 Discospondylitis and Related Spinal Infections in the Dog and Cat 161Sharon Kerwin21 Neoplasias Mimicking Intervertebral Disc Herniation 168Gwendolyn J. Levine22 Client Communications When Confronted with a Patient with Suspected Intervertebral Disc Herniation 174James M. Fingeroth and William B. ThomasSection IV Nonsurgical and Adjunctive Medical Management of IVDD 17923 Steroid Use in Intervertebral Disc Disease 181Joseph M. Mankin and Franck Forterre24 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Muscle Relaxants, Opioids, and Other Treatments for Primary and Adjunctive Medical Management of Intervertebral Disc Herniation 186James M. Fingeroth, Franck Forterre, Núria Vizcaíno Revés, and William B. Thomas25 Neuroprotective Treatments for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Associated with Intervertebral Disc Herniation 194Jonathan M. Levine26 The Use of Discography and Nucleolysis in Dogs 199James F. (Jeff) Biggart27 Medical Management and Nursing Care for the Paralyzed Patient 208James M. Fingeroth and William B. ThomasSection V Surgical Management of Intervertebral Disc Herniation 21528 What Constitutes Spinal Cord Decompression? 217James M. Fingeroth29 General Principles of Spinal Surgery for Intervertebral Disc Herniation 221James M. Fingeroth and Brigitte A. Brisson30 Cervical Disc Disease: Ventral Slot versus Hemilaminectomy versus Dorsal Laminectomy 226Amy E. Fauber31 Thoracolumbar Disc Disease: Dorsal Approaches versus Lateral versus Ventral Approaches. What to Do If I’m on the Wrong Side or Site (Level)? 232Franck Forterre, Núria Vizcaíno Revés, and Luisa De Risio32 Lumbosacral Disc Disease: Is Vertebral Stabilization Indicated? 237Michael Farrell and Noel Fitzpatrick33 The Rationale for Durotomy in Surgical Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Disease 251Franck Forterre, Núria Vizcaíno Revés, and Natasha Olby34 What Should Cover the Bone Defect after Laminectomy/Hemilaminectomy? 255William B. Thomas and James M. Fingeroth35 Pros and Cons of Prophylactic Fenestration: Arguments in Favor 259Brigitte A. Brisson36 Pros and Cons of Prophylactic Fenestration: The Potential Arguments Against 264Franck Forterre and James M. Fingeroth37 Use of Lasers in Veterinary Surgery and Percutaneous Laser Disc Ablation 268Kenneth Bartels38 Physical Rehabilitation for the Paralyzed Patient 279Rick WallSection VI Future Directions 28739 Minimally Invasive Techniques for Spinal Cord and Nerve Root Decompression 289Michael J. Higginbotham, Otto I. Lanz, and Claude Carozzo40 Will There be a Role for Disc Prostheses in Small Animals? 294Filippo Adamo and Franck ForterreIndex 310

“The non-scalpel addicts will be pleased to find detailed and argued non-surgical options. A useful tool for any practice.”  (Vet Nurses Today, 1 October 2015)“Overall, I believe this book will be a strong addition to any veterinarian’s library, especially those with a special interest in IVDD as well as general practitioners who manage patients with IVDD. It is fairly priced and is an important reference for any clinician seeking the most reliable, up-to-date information on this condition.”  (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 September 2015)