Advanced Technologies and Wireless Networks Beyond 4G

NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN, PhD., DSc, is a Professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. YEHUDA BEN-SHIMOL, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

• Acknowledgements xiPreface xiiiAcronyms xixPart I Objective 11 Overview of Wireless Networks – From 2G to 4G 3References 62 Terrestrial Wireless Networks Based on Standard 2G and 3G Technologies 92.1 Bluetooth-WPAN Networks 92.2 Wi-Fi–WLAN Networks 112.2.1 Integrated WLAN and WPAN Networks 132.2.2 Enhancement of the WLAN Technology 142.3 WiMAX Networks and 802.16 Technologies 152.3.1 Integrated Wi-Fi–WiMAX Networks 172.4 LTE Current Technologies 20References 24Part II Physical Layer of Wireless Networks Beyond 4G 333 Link Budget Design in Terrestrial Communication Networks 353.1 Total Path Loss and Link Budget – Physical Layer of Any Network 353.1.1 White Noise 363.1.2 Slow Fading 363.1.3 Fast Fading 373.1.4 Antenna Gain 383.1.5 Average Attenuation 383.1.5.1 Line of sight 383.1.5.2 Non-line-of-sight 393.2 The Terrain Propagating Models for Total Path Loss Prediction 403.2.1 Hata–Okumura Model 403.2.2 Bertoni Multidiffraction Model 423.2.3 Walfisch—Ikegami Model (COST 231 Standard) Based on Analytical Bertoni Model 433.2.4 Stochastic multiparametric model 443.2.4.1 Parameters of the model 443.2.4.2 Effect of buildings’ overlap profile 453.2.4.3 Signal intensity distribution 463.3 Validation of Most Suitable Models via the Recent Experiments 473.4 Link Budget Design in Land–Atmosphere and Atmosphere–Land Communication Networks 503.4.1 Content and Main Parameters of the Troposphere 513.4.1.1 The content 513.4.1.2 Main parameters of troposphere 523.4.2 Effects of Tropospheric Features on Signal Propagation 543.4.2.1 Main features occurring in the troposphere 543.4.2.2 Molecular–Gaseous absorption 553.4.2.3 Effects of rain 573.4.2.4 Effects of clouds 603.4.2.5 Effects of turbulence 623.5 Link Budget Design 673.5.1 Path Loss in Free Space 673.5.2 Link Budget Design 67References 704 Polarization Diversity Analysis for Networks Beyond 4G 734.1 Depolarization Phenomena in Terrain Channels 734.2 Model by Stocks Parameters 744.3 The Multiparametric Stochastic Model Application for Polarization Parameters Prediction 774.4 Numerical Analysis of Probability Functions for Parameters of the Spatial Polarization Ellipse 814.4.1 Mixed-residential Areas 814.4.2 Suburban and Urban Areas 834.5 Analysis of Polarization Ellipse Energetic Parameters 854.5.1 The Ratio Δ vs. the BS Height 854.5.2 The Δ Ratio vs. the Distance Between BS and MS Antennas 894.6 Analysis of the Loss Characteristics 894.6.1 Horizontal Component of the Total Elliptically Polarized Field 914.6.2 Vertical Component of the Total Field 914.7 Path Loss Factor Due to Depolarization Phenomena 924.8 Conclusions 95References 975 Theoretical Framework for Positioning of Any Subscriber in Land–Land and Atmosphere–Land Multiuser Links 995.1 Signal Power Distribution in the Space, AOA, TOA, and Frequency Domains for Prediction of Operative Parameters of Sectorial and Multibeam Antennas 1015.1.1 Signal Intensity Distribution in Space Domain. According to 3-D Stochastic Approach 1015.1.2 Signal Energy Distribution in Angle-of-Arrival (AOA) and Time-of-Arrival (AOA) Domains 1025.1.3 Signal Power Spectrum in the Frequency and Doppler-Shift (DS) Domains 1065.2 Localization of Any Subscriber in Land Built-Up Areas 1095.2.1 3-D Stochastic Model for Different Scenarios of Buildings’ Layout 1095.2.2 Analysis of the Accuracy of MS Localization in Predefined Urban Scenarios 1135.2.2.1 Example 1: The statistical model vs. ray-tracing simulation according to the topographic map 1135.2.2.2 Example 2: MS and BS antennas are below the rooftop level 1135.2.2.3 Example 3: MS antenna is below and BS antenna is above the rooftop level 1155.2.2.4 Example 4: Multiple MS locations 1165.3 Positioning of Any Subscriber in Multiuser Land–Atmosphere Communication Links 1225.3.1 Signal Distribution in the Time-Delay Domain 1225.3.2 Signal Distribution in the Doppler-Shift Domain 124References 126Part III Advanced Integrated-Cell Technologies for Modern 4G and 5G Networks 1296 Femto/Pico/Micro/Macrocell Network Deployments for Fourth and Fifth Generations 1316.1 Channel Capacity Models in Integrated Femtocell–Microcell/Macrocell Networks 1336.1.1 Shared Spectrum Assignment (SSA) with Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) 1346.1.2 Shared Spectrum Assignment (SSA) with (OSG) 1346.1.3 Dedicated Spectrum Assignment (DSA) with Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) 1356.1.4 Dedicated spectrum assignment (DSA) with open subscriber group (OSG) 1356.2 Analysis of Femto/Pico/Micro/Macrocell Networks Based on Propagation Phenomena 1366.2.1 Propagation Aspects in Integrated Indoor and Outdoor Communication Links 1366.2.1.1 Outdoor propagation model 1376.2.1.2 Indoor propagation model 1396.2.2 Experimental Verification of the Total Path Loss in Femtocell–Picocell Areas 1436.3 Different Integrated Femto/Pico/Micro/Macrocell Network Deployments 1456.3.1 Femtocells Integrated into Microcell Network Pattern 1456.3.2 Femto/Pico/Microcell Configuration Deployment 1496.3.2.1 Results of the numerical computations 153References 157Part IV Mega-Cell Satellite Networks–Current and Advanced 1617 Advanced Multicarrier Diversity in Networks Beyond 4G 1637.1 Advanced Multicarrier-diversity Techniques 1637.2 Advanced Frequency Multicarrier-diversity Techniques 1657.3 Advanced OFDM and OFDMA Technologies 1677.3.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 1687.3.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access 1737.4 Advanced Time Multicarrier-diversity Techniques 175References 1788 MIMO Modern Networks Design in Space and Time Domains 1818.1 Main Principles of MIMO 1818.2 Modeling of MIMO Channel Capacity 1848.3 Fading Correlation in Space–Time Doman in Urban Environment with Dense Building Layout 1878.4 Correlation Coefficient Analysis in Urban Scene 1888.5 MIMO Channel Capacity Estimation 1898.6 Analysis of MIMO Channel Capacity in Predefined Urban Scenario 190References 1929 MIMO Network Based on Adaptive Multibeam Antennas Integrated with Modern LTE Releases 1979.1 Problems in LTE Releases Deployment 1979.2 Multibeam MIMO with Adaptive Antennas Against Fading Phenomena in LTE Networks 1999.3 Analysis of the Multibeam Effect for a Specific Environment 2019.4 Summary 206References 20810 Satellite Communication Networks 21110.1 Overview of Satellite Types 21110.2 Signal Types in LSC Links 21210.3 Overview of Experimentally Approbated Models 21410.3.1 Lutz Pure Statistical Model 21510.3.2 Physical–Statistical Approach 21610.3.2.1 Saunders–Evans physical–statistical model 21710.3.2.2 Multiparametric stochastic model 21910.4 Comparison Between Saunders–Evans and the Stochastic MultiparametricModel 22310.5 Land–Satellite Networks – Current and Advanced Beyond 4G 22510.5.1 Current Land–Satellite Networks 22510.5.1.1 Inmarsat 22510.5.1.2 North American MSAT system 22610.5.1.3 Australian mobile satellite system (OPTUS) 22710.5.1.4 Japanese n-star mobile communications system 22710.5.1.5 Other mobile–satellite systems 22810.5.2 Advanced Satellite Networks Performance 22910.5.2.1 Iridium 22910.5.2.2 Globalstar 23110.5.2.3 ICO-global 23310.5.2.4 European inmarsat BGAN 23410.5.2.5 Advanced GSM–satellite network 23510.5.3 Operational Parameters Prediction in Advanced Land–Satellite Networks 23510.6 Summary 238References 239Index 241

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