Alain-G. Gagnon, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Quebec and Canadian Studies, Département de science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal and Arjun Tremblay, Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina, Canada

• Introduction to Federalism 11 Studying federalism in the twenty-first century:concepts, concerns, and questions 61 Introduction 62 Defining federalism and federation:a continuing endeavour 73 Examining orders of government 84 Identifying processes of centralization anddecentralization 95 Exploring traditions of federalism 116 Distinguishing federalism as a principle 127 Comparing federal systems: systematiccomparison and nomothetic comparison 138 Conclusion 152 Federalism, democratization, and democraticbacksliding 171 Introduction 172 Federalism and democracy: conceptual connections? 173 Federalism and democratization 194 Democratic backsliding 215 Federalism and democratic backsliding 236 American federalism and democratic backsliding 257 Conclusion 28vi ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM3 Federalism and national diversity 311 Introduction 312 Multinational state: a definition 313 Sidestepping the American tradition of federalism 344 Multinational federalism: institutions and practices 365 Intercultural federalism: an alternative tomultinational federalism 376 The development of multinational andintercultural federalism: obstacles and opportunities 397 Conclusion 414 Federalism and religion 441 Introduction 442 Daniel J. Elazar on the biblical roots of federalism 443 John Winthrop on federal liberty 474 Johannes Althusius on ‘consociational federalism’ 485 Comparative and case study approaches toreligion and federalism 506 Federalism and secularism in Canada 527 Conclusion 535 Federalism and immigration 571 Introduction 572 Immigration federalism: four key features 573 Immigration federalism in the United States 594 Exploring new avenues of inquiry 645 Conclusion 666 Federalism and gender 711 Introduction 712 What is gender? Why do federalismstudies need gendered analysis? What isgender-and-federalism research? 713 Gendered analysis and the comparative studyof federalism 734 Gendered analysis and case studies of federations 75CONTENTS vii5 Gendered analysis of the American Federation 786 Conclusion 807 Federalism and local government 851 Introduction 852 New federalism and local governments in theUnited States 853 No longer at the margins? The study of citiesand municipalities in Canada 874 The Constitution, ethnic federalism,power-sharing and local government in Ethiopia 895 India’s third tier of government 916 Cross-national perspectives: comparativeconcerns and theoretical debates 937 Conclusion 958 Federalism and populism 991 Introduction 992 Populism and populists in the twenty-first century 993 Donald Trump and American federalism:three different takes 1014 Narendra Modi and Indian federalism: haspower centralized? 1025 Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Mexicanfederalism: two different trends 1046 Jair Bolsonaro and Brazilian federalism: morepressing scholarly concerns? 1057 Populism and federalism in Italy and the Philippines 1078 Conclusion 1089 Federalism and the COVID-19 pandemic 1151 Introduction 1152 COVID-19 and federalism in Brazil 1153 COVID-19 and federalism in Australia 1174 COVID-19 and federalism in Germany 1185 COVID-19 and federalism in India 119viii ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM6 COVID-19 and federalism in Canada 1217 COVID-19 and federalism in the United States 1228 Comparing federal responses to COVID-19 1239 Conclusion 12510 Federalism in Post-Colonial and Settler Colonial States 1311 Introduction 1312 Federalism and post-colonial states 1313 Federalism and settler colonial states 1344 The future of federalism in post-colonial andsettler-colonial states: ways forward and warnings 1395 Conclusion 141Conclusions on Federalism 1441 What do federalism and federation mean? 1442 Has there been any significant change toorders of government? 1443 Are federations centralizing or decentralizing? 1454 Which tradition of federalism is best suitedfor longstanding and emerging federal states? 1455 What has happened to the federal principle? 1466 What do comparisons of federal systems reveal? 1467 Closing words 147Index 148

‘All in all, Advanced Introduction to Federalism provides very useful context for a number of highly relevant issues, such as immigration and democratic backsliding, that can serve as a guide for future research. One element clearly emerges, and that is the broad scope of modern federalism scholarship. There is plenty to do, and this book provides a good place for scholars to launch their work and non-scholars to understand why federalism is relevant and even pivotal in today’s world.’

Alain-G. Gagnon, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Quebec and Canadian Studies, Département de science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal and Arjun Tremblay, Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina, Canada

• Introduction to Federalism 11 Studying federalism in the twenty-first century:concepts, concerns, and questions 61 Introduction 62 Defining federalism and federation:a continuing endeavour 73 Examining orders of government 84 Identifying processes of centralization anddecentralization 95 Exploring traditions of federalism 116 Distinguishing federalism as a principle 127 Comparing federal systems: systematiccomparison and nomothetic comparison 138 Conclusion 152 Federalism, democratization, and democraticbacksliding 171 Introduction 172 Federalism and democracy: conceptual connections? 173 Federalism and democratization 194 Democratic backsliding 215 Federalism and democratic backsliding 236 American federalism and democratic backsliding 257 Conclusion 28vi ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM3 Federalism and national diversity 311 Introduction 312 Multinational state: a definition 313 Sidestepping the American tradition of federalism 344 Multinational federalism: institutions and practices 365 Intercultural federalism: an alternative tomultinational federalism 376 The development of multinational andintercultural federalism: obstacles and opportunities 397 Conclusion 414 Federalism and religion 441 Introduction 442 Daniel J. Elazar on the biblical roots of federalism 443 John Winthrop on federal liberty 474 Johannes Althusius on ‘consociational federalism’ 485 Comparative and case study approaches toreligion and federalism 506 Federalism and secularism in Canada 527 Conclusion 535 Federalism and immigration 571 Introduction 572 Immigration federalism: four key features 573 Immigration federalism in the United States 594 Exploring new avenues of inquiry 645 Conclusion 666 Federalism and gender 711 Introduction 712 What is gender? Why do federalismstudies need gendered analysis? What isgender-and-federalism research? 713 Gendered analysis and the comparative studyof federalism 734 Gendered analysis and case studies of federations 75CONTENTS vii5 Gendered analysis of the American Federation 786 Conclusion 807 Federalism and local government 851 Introduction 852 New federalism and local governments in theUnited States 853 No longer at the margins? The study of citiesand municipalities in Canada 874 The Constitution, ethnic federalism,power-sharing and local government in Ethiopia 895 India’s third tier of government 916 Cross-national perspectives: comparativeconcerns and theoretical debates 937 Conclusion 958 Federalism and populism 991 Introduction 992 Populism and populists in the twenty-first century 993 Donald Trump and American federalism:three different takes 1014 Narendra Modi and Indian federalism: haspower centralized? 1025 Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Mexicanfederalism: two different trends 1046 Jair Bolsonaro and Brazilian federalism: morepressing scholarly concerns? 1057 Populism and federalism in Italy and the Philippines 1078 Conclusion 1089 Federalism and the COVID-19 pandemic 1151 Introduction 1152 COVID-19 and federalism in Brazil 1153 COVID-19 and federalism in Australia 1174 COVID-19 and federalism in Germany 1185 COVID-19 and federalism in India 119viii ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM6 COVID-19 and federalism in Canada 1217 COVID-19 and federalism in the United States 1228 Comparing federal responses to COVID-19 1239 Conclusion 12510 Federalism in Post-Colonial and Settler Colonial States 1311 Introduction 1312 Federalism and post-colonial states 1313 Federalism and settler colonial states 1344 The future of federalism in post-colonial andsettler-colonial states: ways forward and warnings 1395 Conclusion 141Conclusions on Federalism 1441 What do federalism and federation mean? 1442 Has there been any significant change toorders of government? 1443 Are federations centralizing or decentralizing? 1454 Which tradition of federalism is best suitedfor longstanding and emerging federal states? 1455 What has happened to the federal principle? 1466 What do comparisons of federal systems reveal? 1467 Closing words 147Index 148

‘All in all, Advanced Introduction to Federalism provides very useful context for a number of highly relevant issues, such as immigration and democratic backsliding, that can serve as a guide for future research. One element clearly emerges, and that is the broad scope of modern federalism scholarship. There is plenty to do, and this book provides a good place for scholars to launch their work and non-scholars to understand why federalism is relevant and even pivotal in today’s world.’

Alain-G. Gagnon, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Quebec and Canadian Studies, Département de science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal and Arjun Tremblay, Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina, Canada

• Introduction to Federalism 11 Studying federalism in the twenty-first century:concepts, concerns, and questions 61 Introduction 62 Defining federalism and federation:a continuing endeavour 73 Examining orders of government 84 Identifying processes of centralization anddecentralization 95 Exploring traditions of federalism 116 Distinguishing federalism as a principle 127 Comparing federal systems: systematiccomparison and nomothetic comparison 138 Conclusion 152 Federalism, democratization, and democraticbacksliding 171 Introduction 172 Federalism and democracy: conceptual connections? 173 Federalism and democratization 194 Democratic backsliding 215 Federalism and democratic backsliding 236 American federalism and democratic backsliding 257 Conclusion 28vi ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM3 Federalism and national diversity 311 Introduction 312 Multinational state: a definition 313 Sidestepping the American tradition of federalism 344 Multinational federalism: institutions and practices 365 Intercultural federalism: an alternative tomultinational federalism 376 The development of multinational andintercultural federalism: obstacles and opportunities 397 Conclusion 414 Federalism and religion 441 Introduction 442 Daniel J. Elazar on the biblical roots of federalism 443 John Winthrop on federal liberty 474 Johannes Althusius on ‘consociational federalism’ 485 Comparative and case study approaches toreligion and federalism 506 Federalism and secularism in Canada 527 Conclusion 535 Federalism and immigration 571 Introduction 572 Immigration federalism: four key features 573 Immigration federalism in the United States 594 Exploring new avenues of inquiry 645 Conclusion 666 Federalism and gender 711 Introduction 712 What is gender? Why do federalismstudies need gendered analysis? What isgender-and-federalism research? 713 Gendered analysis and the comparative studyof federalism 734 Gendered analysis and case studies of federations 75CONTENTS vii5 Gendered analysis of the American Federation 786 Conclusion 807 Federalism and local government 851 Introduction 852 New federalism and local governments in theUnited States 853 No longer at the margins? The study of citiesand municipalities in Canada 874 The Constitution, ethnic federalism,power-sharing and local government in Ethiopia 895 India’s third tier of government 916 Cross-national perspectives: comparativeconcerns and theoretical debates 937 Conclusion 958 Federalism and populism 991 Introduction 992 Populism and populists in the twenty-first century 993 Donald Trump and American federalism:three different takes 1014 Narendra Modi and Indian federalism: haspower centralized? 1025 Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Mexicanfederalism: two different trends 1046 Jair Bolsonaro and Brazilian federalism: morepressing scholarly concerns? 1057 Populism and federalism in Italy and the Philippines 1078 Conclusion 1089 Federalism and the COVID-19 pandemic 1151 Introduction 1152 COVID-19 and federalism in Brazil 1153 COVID-19 and federalism in Australia 1174 COVID-19 and federalism in Germany 1185 COVID-19 and federalism in India 119viii ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM6 COVID-19 and federalism in Canada 1217 COVID-19 and federalism in the United States 1228 Comparing federal responses to COVID-19 1239 Conclusion 12510 Federalism in Post-Colonial and Settler Colonial States 1311 Introduction 1312 Federalism and post-colonial states 1313 Federalism and settler colonial states 1344 The future of federalism in post-colonial andsettler-colonial states: ways forward and warnings 1395 Conclusion 141Conclusions on Federalism 1441 What do federalism and federation mean? 1442 Has there been any significant change toorders of government? 1443 Are federations centralizing or decentralizing? 1454 Which tradition of federalism is best suitedfor longstanding and emerging federal states? 1455 What has happened to the federal principle? 1466 What do comparisons of federal systems reveal? 1467 Closing words 147Index 148

‘All in all, Advanced Introduction to Federalism provides very useful context for a number of highly relevant issues, such as immigration and democratic backsliding, that can serve as a guide for future research. One element clearly emerges, and that is the broad scope of modern federalism scholarship. There is plenty to do, and this book provides a good place for scholars to launch their work and non-scholars to understand why federalism is relevant and even pivotal in today’s world.’