Francesca Spina is an associate professor of criminal justice at Westfield State University. She has taught criminal justice for 13 years and is the author of 4 books on justice-related topics. Her research has appeared in Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, Journal of Correctional Education, Sociological Perspectives, and Social Science Quarterly.Larry Siegel is a professor emeritus in the School of Criminology and Justice Studies at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. He has been a professor of criminal justice for more than 40 years and is the author of 16 books on justice-related topics. His research has appeared in Criminology, Adolescence, Criminal Law Bulletin, and British Journal of Criminology.