Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation

Ajay Ranjan Mishra received his M. Tech in Microwave Electronics from University of Delhi in 1997. Since then, he has been working with Nokia Networks. He has been involved not only in the research and development of network designing and optimization for all three generations of the networks, but also in the deployment of these networks globally. His current interests are issues related to the design and performance of third, fourth and mixed cellular networks. He has several publications to his credit, including most recently “Fundamentals of Network Planning and Optimization for Wireless Communications: 2G, 3G and systems beyond” by Wiley (2003).

• Forewords xiiiAcknowledgements xviiIntroduction xix1 Cellular Networks 1Ajay R Mishra1.1 Introduction 11.2 First Generation Cellular Networks 11.2.1 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) 11.2.2 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) 21.3 Second Generation Cellular Networks 21.3.1 D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) 31.3.2 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 31.3.3 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) 31.3.4 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 91.3.5 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) 101.4 Third Generation Cellular Networks 101.4.1 CDMA2000 101.4.2 UMTS 101.4.3 HSDPA in UMTS 122 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation 15Johanna Kähkönen, Nezha Larhrissi, Cameron Gillis, Mika Särkioja, Ajay R Mishra and Tarun Sharma2.1 Radio Network Planning Process 152.1.1 Network Planning Projects 152.1.2 Network Planning Project Organisation 162.1.3 Network Planning Criteria and Targets 172.1.4 Network Planning Process Steps 182.2 Preplanning in a GSM Radio Network 212.2.1 GSM Network Planning Criteria 212.2.2 Introducing GPRS in the GSM Network 222.2.3 Introducing EGPRS in the GSM Network 232.2.4 WCDMA in UMTS 262.3 Radio Network Dimensioning 292.3.1 Link Budget Calculations 292.3.2 Dimensioning in the EGPRS Network 342.3.3 Dimensioning in the WCDMA Radio Network 342.4 Radio Wave Propagation 402.4.1 Okumura–Hata Model 412.4.2 Walfish–Ikegami Model 432.4.3 Ray Tracing Model 442.4.4 Model Tuning 452.5 Coverage Planning 462.5.1 Coverage Planning in GSM Networks 462.5.2 Coverage Planning in EGPRS 542.5.3 Coverage Planning in WCDMA Networks 572.6 Capacity Planning 572.6.1 Capacity Planning in GSM Networks 572.6.2 EGPRS Capacity Planning 622.6.3 Capacity Planning in WCDMA Networks 692.7 Frequency Planning 712.7.1 Power Control 732.7.2 Discontinuous Transmission 742.7.3 Frequency Hopping 742.7.4 Interference Analysis 752.8 Parameter Planning 762.8.1 Parameter Planning in the GSM Network 762.8.2 Parameter Planning in the EGPRS Network 782.8.3 Parameter Planning in the WCDMA Network 872.9 Radio Network Optimisation 1062.9.1 GSM Radio Network Optimisation Process 1062.9.2 Optimisation in the EGPRS Network 1622.9.3 Optimisation in the WCDMA Network 1813 Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation 197Ajay R Mishra and Jussi Viero3.1 Access Transmission Network Planning Process 1973.1.1 Master Planning 1973.1.2 Detail Planning 1983.2 Fundamentals of Transmission 1993.2.1 Modulations 1993.2.2 Multiple Access Schemes 1993.3 Digital Hierarchies – PDH and SDH 2013.3.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 2013.3.2 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 2033.3.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 2173.4 Microwave Link Planning 2343.4.1 Microwave Link 2363.4.2 Microwave Tower 2423.4.3 Microwave Link Design 2423.4.4 LOS Check 2463.4.5 Link Budget Calculation 2473.4.6 Repeaters 2513.5 Microwave Propagation 2533.5.1 Slow Fading 2533.5.2 Fast Fading 2563.5.3 Overcoming Fading 2643.6 Interface Planning 2683.6.1 Abis Planning 2693.6.2 Dynamic Abis 2693.6.3 Interface Planning in the UMTS Access Transmission Network 2723.7 Topology Planning 2803.8 Frequency Planning and Interference 2823.8.1 Loop Protection 2843.9 Equipment Planning 2853.9.1 BSC and TCSM Planning 2853.10 Timeslot Planning 2863.10.1 Linear TS Allocation 2863.10.2 Block TS Allocation 2863.10.3 TS Grouping 2863.10.4 TS Planning in the EDGE Network 2873.12 Transmission Management 2913.12.1 Element Master 2923.12.2 Management Buses 2923.13 Parameter Planning 2933.13.1 BTS/AXC Parameters 2933.13.2 RNC Parameters 2943.14 Transmission Network Optimisation 2963.14.1 Definition of Transmission 2963.14.2 GSM/EDGE Transmission Network Optimisation 2993.14.3 UMTS Transmission Network Optimisation 3034 Core Network Planning and Optimisation 315James Mungai, Sameer Mathur, Carlos Crespo and Ajay R MishraPart I Circuit Switched Core Network Planning and Optimisation 3154.1 Network Design Process 3154.1.1 Network Assessment 3154.1.2 Network Dimensioning 3194.2 Detailed Network Planning 3234.3 Network Evolution 3274.3.1 GSM Network 3274.3.2 3GPP Release 99 Network 3284.3.3 3GPP Release 4 Network 3294.3.4 3GPP Release 5 and 6 Networks 3324.4 3GPP Release 4 Circuit Core Network 3354.4.1 Release 4 Core Network Architecture 3354.4.2 CS Network Dimensioning 3354.5 CS Core Detailed Network Planning 3524.5.1 Control Plane Detailed Planning 3524.5.2 Control Plane Routing 3584.6 User Plane Detailed Planning 3594.6.1 Configuring Analyses in the MSS 3594.6.2 Routing Components of the MSC Server 3604.6.3 User Plane Routing 3604.7 CS Core Network Optimisation 3684.7.1 Key Performance Indicators 3684.7.2 Network Measurements 3694.7.3 CS Core Network Audit 3704.7.4 Audit Results Analysis 3754.7.5 Network Optimisation Results 379Part II Packet Switched Core Network Planning and Optimisation 3794.8 Introduction to the PS Core Network 3794.8.1 Basic MPC Concepts 3804.8.2 Packet Routing (PDP Context) 3824.8.3 Interface of the GPRS with the 2G GSM Network 3844.9 IP Addressing 3854.9.1 Types of Network 3854.9.2 Dotted-Decimal Notation 3864.9.3 Subnetting 3874.10 IP Routing Protocols 3884.11 Dimensioning 3904.11.1 GPRS Protocol Stacks and Overheads 3904.12 IP backbone Planning and Dimensioning 3974.12.1 Current Network Assessment 3974.12.2 Dimensioning of the IP Backbone 3984.12.3 Bandwidth Calculations 3994.13 Mobile Packet Core Architecture Planning 3994.13.1 VLAN 4014.13.2 Iu-PS Interface 4014.13.3 Gn Interface Planning 4014.13.4 Gi Interface Planning 4024.13.5 Gp Interface Planning 4034.14 Packet Core Network Optimisation 4044.14.1 Packet Core Optimisation Approaches 4044.14.2 Packet Core Optimisation – Main Aspects 4054.14.3 Key Performance Indicators 4084.14.4 KPI Monitoring 4094.15 Security 4104.15.1 Planning for Security 4104.15.2 Operational Security 4114.15.3 Additional Security Aspects 4114.16 Quality of Service 4124.16.1 Introduction to QoS 4124.16.2 QoS Environment 4124.16.3 QoS Process 4124.16.4 QoS Performance Management 4145 Fourth Generation Mobile Networks 417Ajay R Mishra5.1 Beyond 3G 4175.2 4G Network Architecture 4175.3 Feature Framework in a 4G Network 4185.3.1 Diversity in a 4G Network 4185.4 Planning Overview for 4G Networks 4195.4.1 Technologies in Support of 4G 4205.4.2 Network Architectures in 4G 4215.4.3 Network Planning in 4G Networks 4215.5 OFDM 4235.5.1 What Is OFDM? 4235.5.2 MIMO Systems 4255.6 All-IP Network 4275.6.1 Planning Model All-IP Architecture 4285.6.2 Quality of Service 4325.7 Challenges and Limitations of 4G Networks 4355.7.1 Mobile Station 4355.7.2 Wireless Network 4355.7.3 Quality of Service 437Appendix A: Roll-Out Network Project Management 439Joydeep HazraA.1 Project Execution 439A.2 Network Implementation 440A.2.1 Site Selection and Acquisition 440A.2.2 Provision of Site Support Elements 444A.2.3 Site Planning and Equipment Installation 444A.2.4 Legal Formalities and Permissions 445A.2.5 Statutory and Safety Requirements 446A.3 Network Commissioning and Integration 446A.3.1 Confirming the Checklist 447A.3.2 Powering-Up and System Precheck 447A.3.3 Commissioning 447A.3.4 Inspection and Alarm Testing 448A.3.5 Parameter Finalisation 448A.3.6 Tools and Macros 449A.3.7 Integration of Elements 449A.3.8 System Verification and Feature Testing 451A.3.9 System Acceptance 452A.4 Care Phase 453A.4.1 Care Agreement 453A.4.2 Care Services 455A.4.3 Other Optional O&M Assistance Services 462Appendix B: HSDPA 467Rafael Sánchez-MejíasB.1 Introduction 467B.2 HSDPA Performance 468B.3 Main Changes in HSDPA 468B.3.1 HSDPA Channels 469B.3.2 MAC Layer Split 470B.3.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheme 471B.3.4 Error Correction (HARQ) 471B.3.5 Fast Packet Scheduling 472B.3.6 Code Multiplexing (Optional) 473B.3.7 Impact on the Iub Interface 474B.4 Handset Capabilities 475B.5 HSDPA Planning and Dimensioning 476B.5.1 Planning Basics 476B.5.2 HSDPA Dimensioning 476B.5.3 HSDPA Planning 478B.6 Further Evolution: Release 6 HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA 480B.6.1 HSDPA Release 6 Improvements 480B.6.2 HSUPA 480Appendix C: Digital Video Broadcasting 483Lino DalmaC.1 Introduction 483C.2 Handheld Television: Viewing Issues 483C.3 System Issues of DVB-H and Broadband Wireless 484C.4 Mobile Broadcasting 485C.5 Mobile Broadcasting 485C.5.1 DVB-H Technology Overview 486C.6 DVB-H Introduction 486C.6.1 Motivation for Creating DVB-H 486C.6.2 Overview of Mobile TV Broadcasting Technology (DVB-H) 487C.6.3 Overview of DVB-T 488C.6.4 DVB-H Innovative Elements 490C.6.5 DVB-T and DVB-H Coexistence 491Conclusion 492Appendix D: TETRA Network Planning 493Massimiliano MattinaD.1 TETRA Standard 493D.2 TETRA Services 495D.3 TETRA Network Elements 496D.4 TETRA Main Features 499D.4.1 Physical Layer 500D.4.2 TETRA Memorandum of Understanding 502D.5 Introduction to TETRA Network Planning 502D.5.1 Radio Network Planning 503D.5.2 Traffic Capacity Planning 505Suggested Reading 507Index 511