Ruzhu Wang, Liwei Wang, Jingyi Wu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

• About the Authors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiNomenclature xix1 Introduction 11.1 Adsorption Phenomena 21.2 Fundamental Principle of Adsorption Refrigeration 31.3 The History of Adsorption Refrigeration Technology 51.4 Current Research on Solid Adsorption Refrigeration 71.4.1 Adsorption Working Pairs 71.4.2 Heat Transfer Intensification Technology of Adsorption Bed 81.4.3 Low Grade Heat Utilization 101.4.4 Solar Energy Utilization 111.4.5 Advanced Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle 121.4.6 Commercialized Adsorption Chillers 141.4.7 Current Researches on the Adsorption Theory 15References 182 Adsorption Working Pairs 232.1 Adsorbents 232.1.1 Physical Adsorbents 232.1.2 Chemical Adsorbents 282.1.3 Composite Adsorbents 292.2 Refrigerants 302.2.1 Most Common Refrigerants 302.2.2 Other Refrigerants 312.3 Adsorption Working Pairs 312.3.1 Physical Adsorption 312.3.2 Chemical Adsorption Working Pairs 332.3.3 The Heat and Mass Transfer Intensification Technology and Composite Adsorbents 352.4 Equilibrium Adsorption Models 362.4.1 Equilibrium Models for Physical Adsorption 372.4.2 Equilibrium Models for Chemical Adsorption 382.5 Methods to Measure Adsorption Performances 392.6 Comparison of Different Adsorption Refrigeration Pairs 42References 433 Mechanism and Thermodynamic Properties of Physical Adsorption 473.1 Adsorption Equations 483.1.1 Polanyi Adsorption Potential Theory and Adsorption Equation 483.1.2 The Improved Adsorption Equation 523.1.3 Simplified D-A Equation and Its Application 563.1.4 p-T-x Diagram for Gas-Solid Two Phases Equilibrium 583.2 Adsorption and Desorption Heat 603.2.1 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Adsorption Heat 613.2.2 Simplified Formula of Adsorption and Desorption Heat 623.3 Equilibrium Adsorption and Adsorption Rate 633.3.1 The Equilibrium Adsorption and Non-equilibrium Adsorption Process 633.3.2 Diffusion Process of Adsorbate Inside Adsorbent 653.3.3 The Adsorption Rate and the Mass Transfer Coefficient Inside the Adsorbent 663.3.4 Typical Model of Adsorption Rate 67References 684 Mechanism and Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Adsorption 714.1 The Complexation Mechanism of Metal Chloride–Ammonia 714.2 The Clapeyron Equation of Metal Chloride-Ammonia 724.2.1 The General Clapeyron Equations 724.2.2 The Principle and Clapeyron Diagram of Metal Chloride-Ammonia Adsorption Refrigeration 744.3 Chemical Adsorption Precursor State of Metal Chloride–Ammonia 764.3.1 Chemical Adsorbent with Different Expansion Space 784.3.2 Attenuation Performance of the Adsorbent and Its Chemical Adsorption Precursor State 804.3.3 Isobaric Adsorption Performance and Activated Energy 834.4 Reaction Kinetic Models of Metal Chlorides–Ammonia 844.4.1 The Model Based on Phenomena and Proposed by Tykodi 854.4.2 The Global Reaction Model Proposed by Mazet 854.4.3 The Model Based on the Phenomena and Proposed by Goetz 864.4.4 Other Simplified Chemisorption Models 894.5 Refrigeration Principle and Van’t Hoff Diagram for Metal Hydrides–Hydrogen 914.5.1 Adsorption Refrigeration Characteristics and Van’t Hoff Diagram 914.5.2 The Novel Adsorption Refrigeration Theory of Metal Hydrides–Hydrogen 93References 945 Adsorption Mechanism and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Composite Adsorbents 975.1 The Characteristics of Porous Media 975.1.1 Activated Carbon Fiber 985.1.2 The Characteristics of Graphite 995.1.3 Expanded Natural Graphite (ENG) 1005.1.4 Expanded Natural Graphite Treated by the Sulfuric Acid (ENG-TSA) 1045.1.5 Graphite Fiber 1085.2 The Preparation and Performance of the Composite Adsorbent 1095.2.1 Composite Absorbents Using the Graphite as the Matrix 1095.2.2 Composite Adsorbent with ENG-TSA as Matrix 1135.2.3 Composite Adsorbents with Activated Carbon as Matrix 1185.2.4 Composite Adsorbent with Activated Carbon Fiber as Matrix 1215.2.5 Composite Adsorbents with Silica Gel as Matrix 1235.3 Adsorption Kinetics of Composite Adsorbents 1285.3.1 Dynamics Characteristics of Composite Adsorbents with the Matrix of Silica Gel 1285.3.2 Dynamics Characteristics of Composite Adsorbents with the Matrix of Activated Carbon Fiber 1295.3.3 Dynamics Characteristics of Composite Adsorbents with the Matrix of Activated Carbon 130References 1316 Adsorption Refrigeration Cycles 1356.1 Basic Adsorption Refrigeration Cycles 1356.1.1 The Basic Intermittent Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle and Its Clapeyron Diagram 1356.1.2 Continuous Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle 1396.1.3 Thermodynamic Calculation and Analysis of a Basic Cycle 1416.2 Heat Recovery Concept Introduced in the Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle 1446.3 The Heat Recovery Process of Limited Adsorbent Bed Temperature 1456.3.1 Two-Bed Heat Regeneration Cycle 1456.3.2 The Examples for the Thermodynamic Calculation of Two-Bed Heat Regenerative Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle 1476.3.3 Cascading Cycle 1496.3.4 The System Design of a Cascading Cycle, Working Process Analysis, and the Derivation for the COP of Triple Effect Cycles 1536.4 Thermal Wave Cycles 1566.4.1 The Principle of the Basic Thermal Wave Cycle 1566.4.2 Calculation of the Thermal Wave Cycle 1596.4.3 Convective Thermal Wave Cycle 1686.4.4 Mathematical Model of Convective Thermal Wave Cycle 1696.4.5 Thermal Wave Heat Recovery Cycle for Multi-Bed Systems 1766.4.6 The Properties of Multi-Bed Thermal Wave Recovery Cycle 1766.5 The Optimized Cycle Driven by the Mass Change 1786.5.1 Mass Recovery Cycle 1786.5.2 Multi-Stage Cycle 1836.5.3 Resorption Cycle 1876.6 Multi-Effect and Double-Way Thermochemical Sorption Refrigeration Cycle 1926.6.1 Solid-Gas Thermochemical Sorption Refrigeration Cycle with Internal Heat Recovery Process 1926.6.2 Combined Double-Way Thermochemical Sorption Refrigeration Cycle Based on the Adsorption and Resorption Processes 1996.6.3 Combined Double-Effect and Double-Way Thermochemical Sorption Refrigeration Cycle 2036.7 Step-by-Step Regeneration Cycle 2086.7.1 Desiccant Cooling Refrigeration 2096.7.2 The Ideal Solid Adsorbents for Adsorption Dry Cooling Process 2106.7.3 The Development of Solid Adsorption Dehumidification Refrigeration 2126.7.4 The Evaporative Cooling Process of the Dehumidification Refrigeration System 2156.7.5 Drying Dehumidification Process of Dehumidification Refrigeration Cycle 2186.8 Adsorption Thermal Storage Cycles 2246.8.1 Mechanism and Basic Cycle 2246.8.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 227References 2287 Technology of Adsorption Bed and Adsorption Refrigeration System 2337.1 The Technology of Adsorption Bed 2337.1.1 The Heat Transfer Intensification Technology of Adsorption Bed Using the Extended Heat Exchange Area 2357.1.2 The Technology for the Heat Transfer Intensification in the Adsorption Bed 2367.1.3 The Heat Pipe Technology 2397.1.4 Other Types of Adsorption Bed with Special Design 2397.2 The Influence of the Heat Capacity of the Metal Materials and Heat Transfer Medium on the Performance of the System 2417.2.1 The Metal Heat Capacity Ratio vs. the Performance of the System 2417.2.2 The Residual Heat Transfer Medium (Heating Fluid) in the Adsorption Bed and the Performance of the System 2427.2.3 The Influence of the Ratio Between the Metal Heat Capacity and the Fluid Heat Capacity on the COP and SCP 2437.3 Other Components of the Adsorption System 2467.3.1 Design of Evaporator, Condenser, and Cooler of Low Pressure System 2477.3.2 Heat Exchanger for Ammonia 2517.3.3 The Elements for the Control of the Flow 2577.4 Operation Control of Adsorption Refrigeration System 2617.4.1 Brief Introduction on Adsorption Refrigeration System and Its Energy Regulation System 2617.4.2 Security System 2637.4.3 Program Control System 2647.4.4 The Computer Control System 266References 2708 Design and Performance of the Adsorption Refrigeration System 2738.1 Adsorption Chiller Driven by Low-Temperature Heat Source 2738.1.1 Choice of Adsorbent 2748.1.2 The Innovation Design of the System and Refrigeration Cycle 2748.1.3 Design of the System Components 2788.1.4 System Simulation 2838.1.5 The Analysis on the Mass Transfer Performance of the Adsorbent Bed 2908.1.6 Performance Analysis of the System 2928.2 Silica Gel–Water Adsorption Cooler with Chilled Water Tank 3048.2.1 Description of the Prototype 3048.2.2 Working Principle 3078.2.3 Performance Test 3098.3 Adsorption Chiller Employing LiCl/Silica Gel–Methanol Working Pair 3118.3.1 System Description 3118.3.2 Performance Test 3128.4 Adsorption Ice Maker Adopted Consolidated Activated Carbon–Methanol Working Pair and Used for a Fishing Boat 3168.4.1 The Heat Transfer Intensification Technologies for the Adsorbent Bed 3168.4.2 Design of Activated Carbon–Methanol Adsorption Ice Maker 3188.4.3 The Mathematic Model for the Activated Carbon–Methanol Adsorption Ice Maker 3208.4.4 The Adsorption Refrigeration Performances of Activated Carbon–Methanol Adsorption Ice Maker 3238.5 Heat Pipe Type Composite Adsorption Ice Maker for Fishing Boats 3328.5.1 System Design of the Adsorption Refrigeration Test Prototype 3338.5.2 Design of the Adsorbent Bed 3368.5.3 Simulation Model 3378.5.4 The Construction of the Adsorption Refrigeration System 3448.5.5 Studies on the Performances of the Adsorption Refrigeration Prototype 3458.5.6 Comparison between the Experimental Results and the Simulation Results 3568.6 Two Stage Adsorption Refrigerator 3568.6.1 System Design 3568.6.2 Schematic Diagram of the Two-Stage Sorption Refrigeration Cycle 3588.6.3 Performance Test 3598.7 Adsorption Refrigerator Using CaCl2/Expanded Graphite-NH3 3628.7.1 Structure of Adsorption Refrigerator 3628.7.2 Performance Test 3658.8 Adsorption Refrigerator Using CaCl2/Activated Carbon–NH3 3688.8.1 System Description 3688.8.2 Performance Test 3708.9 System Design and Performance of an Adsorption Energy Storage Cycle 3738.9.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Adsorption Energy Storage Cycle 3748.9.2 Adsorption Air-Conditioning Prototype with the Energy Storage Function 3798.9.3 Experimental Study on Adsorption Cold Storage Cycle 3838.9.4 Application of the Adsorption Energy Storage Cycle 389References 3909 Adsorption Refrigeration Driven by Solar Energy and Waste Heat 3939.1 The Characteristics and Classification of Adsorption Refrigeration Systems Driven by Solar Energy 3939.2 Design and Application of Integrated Solar Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 3949.2.1 The Performance Index of Integrated Solar Adsorption Refrigeration System 3949.2.2 The Design and Application of the Activated Carbon–Methanol Adsorption Ice Maker Driven by a Flat-Plate Type Solar Collector 3969.2.3 The Design Examples of the Activated Carbon–Methanol Ice Maker Driven by Evacuated Tube Collector 4089.3 The Introduction of the Typical Integrated Solar Adsorption System 4169.3.1 The Flat-Plate Solar Adsorption Ice Maker 4169.3.2 The Solar Adsorption Refrigeration System with Transparent Honeycomb Cover 4189.3.3 The Activated Carbon–Methanol Solar Adsorption Ice Maker with Reflective Plate 4199.3.4 The Adsorption Refrigeration System with the Working Pair of Activated Carbon–Ammonia 4209.3.5 Strontium Chloride–Ammonia Adsorption Refrigeration System 4219.3.6 Silica Gel–Water Solar Adsorption Ice Maker 4229.4 Design and Examples of Separated Solar Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 4239.4.1 Design and Application Example of the Solar Air Conditioner for Green Building 4249.4.2 Design and Application Example of the Solar Adsorption Chiller in Grain Storage System 4319.4.3 Examples for the Application of Separated Solar Powered Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 4349.5 Solar Powered Adsorption Refrigeration by Parabolic Trough Collector 4369.5.1 The Research Work Done by Fadar 4369.5.2 Introduction on the System Constructed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University 4379.5.3 Experimental Results for the System Constructed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University 4419.6 Other Types of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 4439.6.1 Solar Cooling Tube 4439.6.2 Solar Air Conditioner with Heat Storage Function 4449.7 Adsorption Refrigeration Technology for the Utilization of Waste Heat 4469.7.1 The Usage of Waste Heat from the Engine 4469.7.2 Waste Heat Recovery Methods 4479.7.3 The Advantages of Adsorption Refrigeration Technology for the Waste Heat Recovery 4499.8 Application of Adsorption Refrigeration Systems Driven by Waste Heat 4499.8.1 The Application of Zeolite–Water Adsorption System as Locomotive Air Conditioner 4499.8.2 The Application of the Silica Gel–Water Adsorption Chiller in CCHP System 4649.8.3 Other Examples of the Adsorption Refrigeration Systems for Waste Heat Utilization 482References 485Index 489

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