Additives for High Performance Applications

Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published several books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), Polymeric Sensors and Actuators (Wiley-Scrivener 2012), and The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2014).

• Preface xi1 Analysis and Separation Techniques 11.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 11.1.1 Ionic Liquids as Mobile Phase Additives 11.1.2 Food Additives 121.1.3 Chaotropicity 141.1.4 Cigarette Additives 161.1.5 Chiral Separation 201.1.6 Peptides and Proteins 311.1.7 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid 321.1.8 Diesel Lubricating Additives 321.1.9 Acidic Drugs 341.2 Chelation Ion Chromatography 391.3 Membranes 401.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Separation 401.3.2 Hollow Fiber Membranes 41References 422 Electrical Applications 472.1 Capacitors 472.1.1 Triethanolamine 472.1.2 Supercapacitors 472.2 Electrokinetic Micropumps 502.3 Lead-Acid Batteries 502.3.1 Activated Carbon Additives 512.3.2 High Performance Positive Electrode 512.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries 532.4.1 Ionic Diffusion 562.4.2 Functional Electrolytes 562.4.3 Synergetic Effect of Conductive Additives 582.4.4 In-Situ Coating of Cathode by Electrolyte Additive 582.4.5 Bipolar Architectures 592.4.6 Janus Separator 632.4.7 Synthesis of Vanadium Cathodes 642.4.8 Graphite 642.4.9 Silicon 672.4.10 Carbon Nanotubes 692.4.11 Carbonate Additives 702.4.12 Borate Additives 732.4.13 Tris(pentafluorophenyl) Borane 782.4.14 Phosphoric Additives 792.4.15 Sulfur Additives 832.4.16 Isothiocyanates 902.4.17 Other Additive Types 922.5 Nickel Batteries 1012.5.1 High-Rate Discharge Performance 1062.5.2 Multiphase Nano-Nickel Hydroxide 1082.5.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 1082.6 Sodium-Ion Batteries 1122.6.1 Antimony-Based Intermetallic Alloy Anodes 1122.7 Solar Cells 1132.7.1 Star-Shaped Molecules 1132.7.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1152.7.3 Perovskite 1192.7.4 Control of Active Layer Nanomorphology 1202.7.5 Phosphonium Halides as Processing Additives and Interfacial Modifiers 1212.7.6 Polymeric Solar Cells 1212.8 Fuel Cells 1232.8.1 Porosity Additive 1252.8.2 Electrolyte Membranes 1262.8.3 Molybdenum Oxide 1302.8.4 Nano-Metal Oxides 1312.8.5 Coolant Additive 1312.8.6 Membrane Exchange Humidifier 1332.8.7 Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites 1343 Medical Uses 1453.1 High Performance Additive Manufactured Scaffolds 1453.1.1 Nanotechnology 1453.1.2 Poly(caprolactone)Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds 1463.1.3 Silk Fibroin Nanofibers 1473.1.4 Calcium Phosphate, Hydroxyapatite, and Poly(d,l-lactic acid) 1523.1.5 Propylene Fumarate Lactic Acid Copolymer 1523.1.6 Thermosensitive Composite Gel 1533.1.7 Biomimetic Wet-Stable Fibers 1533.1.8 Poly(ester urea) from l-Leucine 1543.1.9 Static Cell Seeding Versus Vacuum Cell Seeding 1543.1.10 Controlled Drug Release 155References 1564 Lubricants 1594.1 Fuels 1594.1.1 Graphene Oxide 1594.1.2 Deposit Control 1604.2 Lubricant Additives 1614.2.1 GL Ratings 1614.2.2 Organophosphates 1624.2.3 Crankcase Oils 1624.2.4 Low Sulfur and Low Metal Additive Formulations 1634.2.5 Lithium Soaps 1664.2.6 Titanium Complex Grease Composition 1714.2.7 Improving theWetting Properties of Ionic Liquids 1764.3 Anti-Wear Additives 1794.3.1 Ionic Liquids 1794.3.2 Castor Oil Tris(diphenyl phosphate) 1794.3.3 Bifunctional Hairy Silica Nanoparticles 1804.3.4 Boron Thiophosphite 1804.3.5 Hydroxyaromatic Compounds 1814.4 Fluid Loss Control Additives 1834.4.1 Graphene Oxide 1834.4.2 Montmorillonite 1834.5 Warm Mix Asphalt Additives 1845 Concrete Additives 1895.1 Properties of Concrete 1895.1.1 Pozzolans 1915.1.2 Calcium Aluminate Cement 1915.1.3 Rutting of Bituminous Concrete 1935.2 Set Retarders 1935.2.1 Superplasticizers 1945.3 Accelerators 1945.3.1 Aqueous Dispersions of Silica 1955.3.2 Non-Chloride Cement Accelerators 1955.4 Dispersants and Thinners 1965.4.1 Xylonic Acid 1965.4.2 Thixotropy 1975.4.3 Flowability 1985.5 Defoamers 1995.5.1 Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohol Acrylates 2005.5.2 Hydroxyl Alkyl Acrylate 2005.5.3 Tributyl Phosphate 2025.5.4 Silicone Oils 2025.5.5 Other Additives 2025.6 Shrinkage Compensation 2025.7 Permeability 2035.7.1 Expanded Perlite 2045.7.2 Pozzolanic Materials 2045.7.3 Cracking Catalyst 2055.8 Air Entraining Agents 2065.8.1 Fluorochemical Surfactants 2075.8.2 Superabsorbent Polymers 2075.8.3 Rubber Crumb 2085.8.4 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete 2095.9 Corrosion Protection 2105.9.1 Modified Hydrotalcites 2105.9.2 Chloride Ion Scavenging 2105.9.3 Dopamelanin 2115.10 Superabsorbent Polymers 2125.11 Fibers 2125.11.1 Poly(oxymethylene) Fibers 2125.12 Additives fromWastes 2145.12.1 Waste Rubber 2145.12.2 anomodified Concrete Additive 216References 2206 Other Uses 2256.1 High Performance Additive for Powder Coatings 2256.1.1 Antimicrobial Powder Coatings 2256.2 Radiation Shielding 2266.3 Superabsorbent Polymers 2296.4 Laser Additive Manufacturing of HighPerformance Materials 2326.4.1 Laser Metal Deposition Additive Manufacturing 2326.4.2 Hybrid Processes 2336.5 High Temperature Cooling Application 234References 236Index 239Tradenames 239Acronyms 242Chemicals 244General Index 255