Leon M. Hermans is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. His research focuses on the use of actor analysis methods to support public policy analysis and evaluation. Scott W. Cunningham is an associate professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. He combines work in actor modelling and game theory with research in data mining, technology forecasting, and innovation.

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xiPart I Introduction 11 The Need for Actor and Strategy Models 31.1 Actors and Decision-Making 31.2 Applications of Actor and Strategy Models 41.3 Scope and Structure of This Book 6References 102 A Framework for Actor and Strategy Modeling 132.1 What are Strategic Actors? 132.2 Conceptual Framework for Strategic Actor Interactions 172.3 Overview of Actor and Strategy Models 232.4 Step-Wise Approach for Actor and Strategy Modeling 272.5 Challenges in Modeling Strategic Actor Interactions 32References 36Part II Models and Applications 393 Scanning Your Actor Network as Part of Problem Diagnosis 413.1 Diagnosis for Strategic Interaction Problems 413.2 Stakeholder Analysis and Actor Network Scanning 423.3 Step-Wise Approach for Actor Network Scanning 433.4 Case Application: Offshore Wind Energy 583.5 Summary and Further Reading 68References 69Part II-A Values 714 Identifying, Structuring, and Measuring Values: Value-Focused Thinking 734.1 Values as Fundamental Drivers of Actor Processes 744.2 Value-Focused Thinking for Multi-actor Issues 754.3 Step-Wise Approach for Value-Focused Thinking for Multiple Actors 774.4 Case Application: Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania 884.5 Summary and Further Reading 99References 100Part II-B Resource Dependencies 1035 Making a Move: Analysis of Options and Conflict Graphs 1055.1 Strategic Use of Resources to Shape Environments 1055.2 Analysis of Options 1065.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analysis of Options 1135.4 Case Application: Volunteered Geographical Information 1215.5 Case Application: Solar Power 1355.6 Summary and Further Reading 142References 1446 Appraising the Strategic Value of Information: Extensive Games 1496.1 The Role of Resources and Information in Strategic Games 1506.2 Game Theory and Social Dilemmas 1506.3 Step-Wise Approach for Extensive Games 1586.4 Case Application: Supply Chain Management 1666.5 Summary and Further Reading 179References 1807 Looking for Coalitions: Cooperative Game Theory 1837.1 Group Capability and Cooperation 1837.2 Cooperative Game Theory 1847.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analyzing Cooperative Potential 1907.4 Case Application: Renewable Energy 2027.5 Summary and Further Reading 209Appendix 7.A: R Code to Support Cooperative Analyses 210References 2148 Identifying Opportunities for Exchange: Transactional Analysis 217Jos S. Timmermans8.1 Multi-actor Decision-Making as an Exchange of Control over Resources 2188.2 Transactional Analysis 2188.3 Step-Wise Approach for Transactional Analysis 2218.4 Case Application: Rural Water Management in the Netherlands 2298.5 Summary and Further Reading 238Appendix 8.A: Calculation of Dependencies 239Appendix 8.B: Calculation of Equilibrium Control 240References 243Part II-C Perceptions 2459 Capturing Problem Perceptions: Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2479.1 How Perceptions Can Help Explain (In)Activity in Multi-actor Settings 2479.2 Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2499.3 Step-Wise Approach for Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2539.4 Case Application: Pollution Control for Urban Public Spaces 2639.5 Summary and Further Reading 273References 27410 Reconstructing Debate: Argumentative Analysis 27710.1 Debates Fuelled by Competing Claims 27710.2 Argumentative Analysis 27810.3 Step-Wise Approach for Argumentative Analysis 28110.4 Case Application: Watershed Protection in the Philippines 28610.5 Summary and Further Reading 302References 303Part II-D Networks 30511 Scrutinizing Relations that Shape Actions: Social Network Analysis 307Mark de Reuver11.1 The Importance of Relations Between Actors 30811.2 Social Network Analysis 30811.3 Step-Wise Approach for Social Network Analysis 31211.4 Case Application: Innovation Network for Internet Video Services 31811.5 Summary and Further Reading 327References 328Part III Comparison and Reflection 33112 Actor Models: Comparison and Reflection 33312.1 When to Use What Model? 33312.2 Illustrative Comparison of the Use of Models for a Single Case 33912.3 Revisiting the Challenges Involved in Analyzing Actors and Strategies 35312.4 Next Steps in the Future of Actor and Strategy Models 358References 360Index 363

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Leon M. Hermans is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. His research focuses on the use of actor analysis methods to support public policy analysis and evaluation. Scott W. Cunningham is an associate professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. He combines work in actor modelling and game theory with research in data mining, technology forecasting, and innovation.

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xiPart I Introduction 11 The Need for Actor and Strategy Models 31.1 Actors and Decision-Making 31.2 Applications of Actor and Strategy Models 41.3 Scope and Structure of This Book 6References 102 A Framework for Actor and Strategy Modeling 132.1 What are Strategic Actors? 132.2 Conceptual Framework for Strategic Actor Interactions 172.3 Overview of Actor and Strategy Models 232.4 Step-Wise Approach for Actor and Strategy Modeling 272.5 Challenges in Modeling Strategic Actor Interactions 32References 36Part II Models and Applications 393 Scanning Your Actor Network as Part of Problem Diagnosis 413.1 Diagnosis for Strategic Interaction Problems 413.2 Stakeholder Analysis and Actor Network Scanning 423.3 Step-Wise Approach for Actor Network Scanning 433.4 Case Application: Offshore Wind Energy 583.5 Summary and Further Reading 68References 69Part II-A Values 714 Identifying, Structuring, and Measuring Values: Value-Focused Thinking 734.1 Values as Fundamental Drivers of Actor Processes 744.2 Value-Focused Thinking for Multi-actor Issues 754.3 Step-Wise Approach for Value-Focused Thinking for Multiple Actors 774.4 Case Application: Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania 884.5 Summary and Further Reading 99References 100Part II-B Resource Dependencies 1035 Making a Move: Analysis of Options and Conflict Graphs 1055.1 Strategic Use of Resources to Shape Environments 1055.2 Analysis of Options 1065.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analysis of Options 1135.4 Case Application: Volunteered Geographical Information 1215.5 Case Application: Solar Power 1355.6 Summary and Further Reading 142References 1446 Appraising the Strategic Value of Information: Extensive Games 1496.1 The Role of Resources and Information in Strategic Games 1506.2 Game Theory and Social Dilemmas 1506.3 Step-Wise Approach for Extensive Games 1586.4 Case Application: Supply Chain Management 1666.5 Summary and Further Reading 179References 1807 Looking for Coalitions: Cooperative Game Theory 1837.1 Group Capability and Cooperation 1837.2 Cooperative Game Theory 1847.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analyzing Cooperative Potential 1907.4 Case Application: Renewable Energy 2027.5 Summary and Further Reading 209Appendix 7.A: R Code to Support Cooperative Analyses 210References 2148 Identifying Opportunities for Exchange: Transactional Analysis 217Jos S. Timmermans8.1 Multi-actor Decision-Making as an Exchange of Control over Resources 2188.2 Transactional Analysis 2188.3 Step-Wise Approach for Transactional Analysis 2218.4 Case Application: Rural Water Management in the Netherlands 2298.5 Summary and Further Reading 238Appendix 8.A: Calculation of Dependencies 239Appendix 8.B: Calculation of Equilibrium Control 240References 243Part II-C Perceptions 2459 Capturing Problem Perceptions: Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2479.1 How Perceptions Can Help Explain (In)Activity in Multi-actor Settings 2479.2 Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2499.3 Step-Wise Approach for Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2539.4 Case Application: Pollution Control for Urban Public Spaces 2639.5 Summary and Further Reading 273References 27410 Reconstructing Debate: Argumentative Analysis 27710.1 Debates Fuelled by Competing Claims 27710.2 Argumentative Analysis 27810.3 Step-Wise Approach for Argumentative Analysis 28110.4 Case Application: Watershed Protection in the Philippines 28610.5 Summary and Further Reading 302References 303Part II-D Networks 30511 Scrutinizing Relations that Shape Actions: Social Network Analysis 307Mark de Reuver11.1 The Importance of Relations Between Actors 30811.2 Social Network Analysis 30811.3 Step-Wise Approach for Social Network Analysis 31211.4 Case Application: Innovation Network for Internet Video Services 31811.5 Summary and Further Reading 327References 328Part III Comparison and Reflection 33112 Actor Models: Comparison and Reflection 33312.1 When to Use What Model? 33312.2 Illustrative Comparison of the Use of Models for a Single Case 33912.3 Revisiting the Challenges Involved in Analyzing Actors and Strategies 35312.4 Next Steps in the Future of Actor and Strategy Models 358References 360Index 363

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Leon M. Hermans is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. His research focuses on the use of actor analysis methods to support public policy analysis and evaluation. Scott W. Cunningham is an associate professor at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management at Delft University of Technology. He combines work in actor modelling and game theory with research in data mining, technology forecasting, and innovation.

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xiPart I Introduction 11 The Need for Actor and Strategy Models 31.1 Actors and Decision-Making 31.2 Applications of Actor and Strategy Models 41.3 Scope and Structure of This Book 6References 102 A Framework for Actor and Strategy Modeling 132.1 What are Strategic Actors? 132.2 Conceptual Framework for Strategic Actor Interactions 172.3 Overview of Actor and Strategy Models 232.4 Step-Wise Approach for Actor and Strategy Modeling 272.5 Challenges in Modeling Strategic Actor Interactions 32References 36Part II Models and Applications 393 Scanning Your Actor Network as Part of Problem Diagnosis 413.1 Diagnosis for Strategic Interaction Problems 413.2 Stakeholder Analysis and Actor Network Scanning 423.3 Step-Wise Approach for Actor Network Scanning 433.4 Case Application: Offshore Wind Energy 583.5 Summary and Further Reading 68References 69Part II-A Values 714 Identifying, Structuring, and Measuring Values: Value-Focused Thinking 734.1 Values as Fundamental Drivers of Actor Processes 744.2 Value-Focused Thinking for Multi-actor Issues 754.3 Step-Wise Approach for Value-Focused Thinking for Multiple Actors 774.4 Case Application: Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania 884.5 Summary and Further Reading 99References 100Part II-B Resource Dependencies 1035 Making a Move: Analysis of Options and Conflict Graphs 1055.1 Strategic Use of Resources to Shape Environments 1055.2 Analysis of Options 1065.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analysis of Options 1135.4 Case Application: Volunteered Geographical Information 1215.5 Case Application: Solar Power 1355.6 Summary and Further Reading 142References 1446 Appraising the Strategic Value of Information: Extensive Games 1496.1 The Role of Resources and Information in Strategic Games 1506.2 Game Theory and Social Dilemmas 1506.3 Step-Wise Approach for Extensive Games 1586.4 Case Application: Supply Chain Management 1666.5 Summary and Further Reading 179References 1807 Looking for Coalitions: Cooperative Game Theory 1837.1 Group Capability and Cooperation 1837.2 Cooperative Game Theory 1847.3 Step-Wise Approach for Analyzing Cooperative Potential 1907.4 Case Application: Renewable Energy 2027.5 Summary and Further Reading 209Appendix 7.A: R Code to Support Cooperative Analyses 210References 2148 Identifying Opportunities for Exchange: Transactional Analysis 217Jos S. Timmermans8.1 Multi-actor Decision-Making as an Exchange of Control over Resources 2188.2 Transactional Analysis 2188.3 Step-Wise Approach for Transactional Analysis 2218.4 Case Application: Rural Water Management in the Netherlands 2298.5 Summary and Further Reading 238Appendix 8.A: Calculation of Dependencies 239Appendix 8.B: Calculation of Equilibrium Control 240References 243Part II-C Perceptions 2459 Capturing Problem Perceptions: Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2479.1 How Perceptions Can Help Explain (In)Activity in Multi-actor Settings 2479.2 Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2499.3 Step-Wise Approach for Comparative Cognitive Mapping 2539.4 Case Application: Pollution Control for Urban Public Spaces 2639.5 Summary and Further Reading 273References 27410 Reconstructing Debate: Argumentative Analysis 27710.1 Debates Fuelled by Competing Claims 27710.2 Argumentative Analysis 27810.3 Step-Wise Approach for Argumentative Analysis 28110.4 Case Application: Watershed Protection in the Philippines 28610.5 Summary and Further Reading 302References 303Part II-D Networks 30511 Scrutinizing Relations that Shape Actions: Social Network Analysis 307Mark de Reuver11.1 The Importance of Relations Between Actors 30811.2 Social Network Analysis 30811.3 Step-Wise Approach for Social Network Analysis 31211.4 Case Application: Innovation Network for Internet Video Services 31811.5 Summary and Further Reading 327References 328Part III Comparison and Reflection 33112 Actor Models: Comparison and Reflection 33312.1 When to Use What Model? 33312.2 Illustrative Comparison of the Use of Models for a Single Case 33912.3 Revisiting the Challenges Involved in Analyzing Actors and Strategies 35312.4 Next Steps in the Future of Actor and Strategy Models 358References 360Index 363

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