Active Plasmonics and Tuneable Plasmonic Metamaterials

ANATOLY V. ZAYATS, PhD, is Professor of Experimental Physics and the Head of the Experimental Biophysics and Nanotechnology Group at King's College London. He also leads the UK EPSRC research program on active plasmonics. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, the Optical Society of America, and SPIE.STEFAN MAIER, PhD, is the Co-Director of the Centre for Plasmonics and Metamaterials at Imperial College London. He was the recipient of the 2010 Sackler Prize in the Physical Sciences and the 2010 Paterson Medal of the Institute of Physics. A Fellow of the OSA and Institute of Physics, Dr. Maier has published over 130 journal articles in the area of nanoplasmonics, and is a frequent invited speaker at international conferences.

• Preface xiiiContributors xvii1 Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation 1Mark I. Stockman1.1 Introduction to Spasers and Spasing 11.2 Spaser Fundamentals 21.2.1 Brief Overview of the Latest Progress in Spasers 51.3 Quantum Theory of Spaser 71.3.1 Surface Plasmon Eigenmodes and Their Quantization 71.3.2 Quantum Density Matrix Equations (Optical Bloch Equations) for Spaser 91.3.3 Equations for CW Regime 111.3.4 Spaser operation in CW Mode 151.3.5 Spaser as Ultrafast Quantum Nanoamplifier 171.3.6 Monostable Spaser as a Nanoamplifier in Transient Regime 181.4 Compensation of Loss by Gain and Spasing 221.4.1 Introduction to Loss Compensation by Gain 221.4.2 Permittivity of Nanoplasmonic Metamaterial 221.4.3 Plasmonic Eigenmodes and Effective Resonant Permittivity of Metamaterials 241.4.4 Conditions of Loss Compensation by Gain and Spasing 251.4.5 Discussion of Spasing and Loss Compensation by Gain 271.4.6 Discussion of Published Research on Spasing and Loss Compensations 292 Nonlinear Effects in Plasmonic Systems 41Pavel Ginzburg and Meir Orenstein2.1 Introduction 412.2 Metallic Nonlinearities—Basic Effects and Models 432.2.1 Local Nonlinearity—Transients by Carrier Heating 432.2.2 Plasma Nonlinearity—The Ponderomotive Force 452.2.3 Parametric Process in Metals 462.2.4 Metal Damage and Ablation 482.3 Nonlinear Propagation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 492.3.1 Nonlinear SPP Modes 502.3.2 Plasmon Solitons 502.3.3 Nonlinear Plasmonic Waveguide Couplers 542.4 Localized Surface Plasmon Nonlinearity 552.4.1 Cavities and Nonlinear Interactions Enhancement 562.4.2 Enhancement of Nonlinear Vacuum Effects 582.4.3 High Harmonic Generation 602.4.4 Localized Field Enhancement Limitations 602.5 Summary 623 Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials as a Platform for Active Nanophotonics 69Gregory A. Wurtz, Wayne Dickson, Anatoly V. Zayats, Antony Murphy, and Robert J. Pollard3.1 Introduction 693.2 Nanorod Metamaterial Geometry 713.3 Optical Properties 723.3.1 Microscopic Description of the Metamaterial Electromagnetic Modes 723.3.2 Effective Medium Theory of the Nanorod Metamaterial 763.3.3 Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterials and Spatial Dispersion Effects 793.3.4 Guided Modes in the Anisotropic Metamaterial Slab 823.4 Nonlinear Effects in Nanorod Metamaterials 823.4.1 Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Nonlinear Dielectric 843.4.2 Intrinsic Metal Nonlinearity of Nanorod Metamaterials 853.5 Molecular Plasmonics in Metamaterials 893.6 Electro-Optical Effects in Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Liquid Crystals 973.7 Conclusion 984 Transformation Optics for Plasmonics 105Alexandre Aubry and John B. Pendry4.1 Introduction 1054.2 The Conformal Transformation Approach 1084.2.1 A Set of Canonic Plasmonic Structures 1094.2.2 Perfect Singular Structures 1104.2.3 Singular Plasmonic Structures 1144.2.3.1 Conformal Mapping of Singular Structures 1144.2.3.2 Conformal Mapping of Blunt-Ended Singular Structures 1184.2.4 Resonant Plasmonic Structures 1194.3 Broadband Light Harvesting and Nanofocusing 1214.3.1 Broadband Light Absorption 121 4.3.2 Balance between Energy Accumulation and Dissipation 1234.3.3 Extension to 3D 1254.3.4 Conclusion 126 4.4 Surface Plasmons and Singularities 1274.4.1 Control of the Bandwidth with the Vertex Angle 1274.4.2 Effect of the Bluntness 1294.5 Plasmonic Hybridization Revisited with Transformation Optics 1304.5.1 A Resonant Behavior 1314.5.2 Nanofocusing Properties 1324.6 Beyond the Quasi-Static Approximation 1334.6.1 Conformal Transformation Picture 1344.6.2 Radiative Losses 1354.6.3 Fluorescence Enhancement 1374.6.3.1 Fluorescence Enhancement in the Near-Field of Nanoantenna 1384.6.3.2 The CT Approach 1394.7 Nonlocal effects 1424.7.1 Conformal Mapping of Nonlocality 1424.7.2 Toward the Physics of Local Dimers 1434.8 Summary and Outlook 1455 Loss Compensation and Amplification of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 153Pierre Berini5.1 Introduction 1535.2 Surface Plasmon Waveguides 1545.2.1 Unidimensional Structures 1545.2.2 Bidimensional Structures 1565.2.3 Confinement-Attenuation Trade-Off 1565.2.4 Optical Processes Involving SPPs 1575.3 Single Interface 1575.3.1 Theoretical 1575.3.2 Experimental 1585.4 Symmetric Metal Films 1605.4.1 Gratings 1605.4.2 Theoretical 1605.4.3 Experimental 1615.5 Metal Clads 1635.5.1 Theoretical 1645.5.2 Experimental 1645.6 Other Structures 1645.6.1 Dielectric-Loaded SPP Waveguides 1645.6.2 Hybrid SPP Waveguide 1655.6.3 Nanostructures 1665.7 Conclusions 1666 Controlling Light Propagation with Interfacial Phase Discontinuities 171Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Patrice Genevet, Francesco Aieta, Romain Blanchard, Guillaume Aoust, Zeno Gaburro, and Federico Capasso6.1 Phase Response of Optical Antennas 1726.1.1 Introduction 1726.1.2 Single Oscillator Model for Linear Optical Antennas 1746.1.3 Two-Oscillator Model for 2D Structures Supporting Two Orthogonal Plasmonic Modes 1766.1.4 Analytical Models for V-Shaped Optical Antennas 1796.1.5 Optical Properties of V-Shaped Antennas: Experiments and Simulations 1836.2 Applications of Phased Optical Antenna Arrays 1866.2.1 Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction: Meta-Interfaces with Phase Discontinuities 1866.2.2 Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Meta-Interfaces 1926.2.3 Giant and Tuneable Optical Birefringence 1976.2.4 Vortex Beams Created by Meta-Interfaces 2007 Integrated Plasmonic Detectors 219Pieter Neutens and Paul Van Dorpe7.1 Introduction 2197.2 Electrical Detection of Surface Plasmons 2217.2.1 Plasmon Detection with Tunnel Junctions 2217.2.2 Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Cells 2227.2.3 Plasmon-Enhanced Photodetectors 2257.2.4 Waveguide-Integrated Surface Plasmon Polariton Detectors 2327.3 Outlook 2368 Terahertz Plasmonic Surfaces for Sensing 243Stephen M. Hanham and Stefan A. Maier8.1 The Terahertz Region for Sensing 2448.2 THz Plasmonics 244 8.3 SPPs on Semiconductor Surfaces 2458.3.1 Active Control of Semiconductor Plasmonics 2478.4 SSPP on Structured Metal Surfaces 2478.5 THz Plasmonic Antennas 2498.6 Extraordinary Transmission 2538.7 THz Plasmons on Graphene 2559 Subwavelength Imaging by Extremely Anisotropic Media 261Pavel A. Belov9.1 Introduction to Canalization Regime of Subwavelength Imaging 2619.2 Wire Medium Lens at the Microwave Frequencies 2649.3 Magnifying and Demagnifying Lenses with Super-Resolution 269 9.4 Imaging at the Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies 2729.5 Nanolenses Formed by Nanorod Arrays for the Visible Frequency Range 2769.6 Superlenses and Hyperlenses Formed by Multilayered Metal–Dielectric Nanostructures 27910 Active and Tuneable Metallic Nanoslit Lenses 289Satoshi Ishii, Xingjie Ni, Vladimir P. Drachev, Mark D. Thoreson, Vladimir M. Shalaev, and Alexander V. Kildishev10.1 Introduction 28910.2 Polarization-Selective Gold Nanoslit Lenses 29010.2.1 Design Concept of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 29110.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 292 10.3 Metallic Nanoslit Lenses with Focal-Intensity Tuneability and Focal Length Shifting 29510.3.1 Liquid Crystal-Controlled Nanoslit Lenses 29510.3.2 Nonlinear Materials for Controlling Nanoslit Lenses 30010.4 Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion Enable Subwavelength Focusing with Metallic Nanoslits 30110.4.1 Active Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion 30210.4.2 Subwavelength Focusing with Active Lamellar Structures 30710.4.3 Experimental Demonstration of Subwavelength Diffraction 30810.5 Summary 313Acknowledgments 313References 313