Rachel Ginnis Fuchs is Assistant Professor of History at Arizona State University.

• List of Tables List of Figures and Maps List of Illustrations Preface1. Social Problems and Social Welfare Until the RestorationMedieval and Early Modern Child Welfare The Eighteenth Century Provisions for Care of Abandoned Children State Assumption of Responsibility Policies, Codes, and Decrees Conclusion: Child Abandonment by 18152. Attitudes and Public Policy Toward the FamilyAdoption, Orphanages, and Foster Parentage Foundation of the System, 1811–1830 The July Monarchy and the "Social Question": Theory The "Social Question": Reality Further Efforts to Restrain Abandonment, 1850–1870 Beginning of Concern for the Children, 1850–1870 The Third Republic: Mothers and Children, 1870–1904 The Third Republic: Public Policy, 1870–1904 Conclusion: Responsibility3. Mothers and Their BabiesThe Children Abandoned: Their Age, Sex, and Legitimacy The Effect of Rules and Regulations on Abandonment The Mothers Motives for Child Abandonment Mothers' Alternatives How Mothers Abandoned their Children Conclusion: Maternal Love 4. In the Hospice Functioning of the Hospice: Administration and Admissions Procedures Functioning of the Hospice: Initial Care of the Children Conditions in the Hospice Infant FeedingDeath in the Hospice Hospice to Hospital Conclusion: Budgets not Babies5. Spreading the WealthFiscal and Administrative Apparatus Recruitment of Wet Nurses Geographical Distribution of Wet Nurses Transportation of Wet Nurses The Wet Nurses' Backgrounds Conclusion: Objects of the System6. Chez la NourriceEnfants Perdus—Infant Mortality Effect of Travel on Mortality Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Housing and Hygiene Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: ClothingLiving Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Attention and Neglect Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Food Inspection and Medical Care Chez la Nourrice Conclusion: Improved Conditions7. Survivors: The Older Children and Young AdultsParental Reclamation of the Children Children and Young Adults with their Foster ParentsIncurably Infirm or Disabled Children and Young Adults Secular and Religious EducationVocational Training, Agricultural Labor, and Apprenticeship Military Service Marriage Deviant and Criminal Behavior Conclusion: Bonds of Affection General ConclusionAppendix A: Decree of January 19, 1811 Appendix B: Deliberation of January 25, 1837Notes Bibliography Index

“Professional city managers have long known about the influence and importance of advisory boards and commissions in the decision making in local government. Thank you, Rob, for shedding a little light on these groups that operate in the twilight of government.” — Scot E. Simpson, City Administrator, River Falls, Wisconsin

Rachel Ginnis Fuchs is Assistant Professor of History at Arizona State University.

• List of Tables List of Figures and Maps List of Illustrations Preface1. Social Problems and Social Welfare Until the RestorationMedieval and Early Modern Child Welfare The Eighteenth Century Provisions for Care of Abandoned Children State Assumption of Responsibility Policies, Codes, and Decrees Conclusion: Child Abandonment by 18152. Attitudes and Public Policy Toward the FamilyAdoption, Orphanages, and Foster Parentage Foundation of the System, 1811–1830 The July Monarchy and the "Social Question": Theory The "Social Question": Reality Further Efforts to Restrain Abandonment, 1850–1870 Beginning of Concern for the Children, 1850–1870 The Third Republic: Mothers and Children, 1870–1904 The Third Republic: Public Policy, 1870–1904 Conclusion: Responsibility3. Mothers and Their BabiesThe Children Abandoned: Their Age, Sex, and Legitimacy The Effect of Rules and Regulations on Abandonment The Mothers Motives for Child Abandonment Mothers' Alternatives How Mothers Abandoned their Children Conclusion: Maternal Love 4. In the Hospice Functioning of the Hospice: Administration and Admissions Procedures Functioning of the Hospice: Initial Care of the Children Conditions in the Hospice Infant FeedingDeath in the Hospice Hospice to Hospital Conclusion: Budgets not Babies5. Spreading the WealthFiscal and Administrative Apparatus Recruitment of Wet Nurses Geographical Distribution of Wet Nurses Transportation of Wet Nurses The Wet Nurses' Backgrounds Conclusion: Objects of the System6. Chez la NourriceEnfants Perdus—Infant Mortality Effect of Travel on Mortality Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Housing and Hygiene Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: ClothingLiving Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Attention and Neglect Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Food Inspection and Medical Care Chez la Nourrice Conclusion: Improved Conditions7. Survivors: The Older Children and Young AdultsParental Reclamation of the Children Children and Young Adults with their Foster ParentsIncurably Infirm or Disabled Children and Young Adults Secular and Religious EducationVocational Training, Agricultural Labor, and Apprenticeship Military Service Marriage Deviant and Criminal Behavior Conclusion: Bonds of Affection General ConclusionAppendix A: Decree of January 19, 1811 Appendix B: Deliberation of January 25, 1837Notes Bibliography Index

“Professional city managers have long known about the influence and importance of advisory boards and commissions in the decision making in local government. Thank you, Rob, for shedding a little light on these groups that operate in the twilight of government.” — Scot E. Simpson, City Administrator, River Falls, Wisconsin

Rachel Ginnis Fuchs is Assistant Professor of History at Arizona State University.

• List of Tables List of Figures and Maps List of Illustrations Preface1. Social Problems and Social Welfare Until the RestorationMedieval and Early Modern Child Welfare The Eighteenth Century Provisions for Care of Abandoned Children State Assumption of Responsibility Policies, Codes, and Decrees Conclusion: Child Abandonment by 18152. Attitudes and Public Policy Toward the FamilyAdoption, Orphanages, and Foster Parentage Foundation of the System, 1811–1830 The July Monarchy and the "Social Question": Theory The "Social Question": Reality Further Efforts to Restrain Abandonment, 1850–1870 Beginning of Concern for the Children, 1850–1870 The Third Republic: Mothers and Children, 1870–1904 The Third Republic: Public Policy, 1870–1904 Conclusion: Responsibility3. Mothers and Their BabiesThe Children Abandoned: Their Age, Sex, and Legitimacy The Effect of Rules and Regulations on Abandonment The Mothers Motives for Child Abandonment Mothers' Alternatives How Mothers Abandoned their Children Conclusion: Maternal Love 4. In the Hospice Functioning of the Hospice: Administration and Admissions Procedures Functioning of the Hospice: Initial Care of the Children Conditions in the Hospice Infant FeedingDeath in the Hospice Hospice to Hospital Conclusion: Budgets not Babies5. Spreading the WealthFiscal and Administrative Apparatus Recruitment of Wet Nurses Geographical Distribution of Wet Nurses Transportation of Wet Nurses The Wet Nurses' Backgrounds Conclusion: Objects of the System6. Chez la NourriceEnfants Perdus—Infant Mortality Effect of Travel on Mortality Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Housing and Hygiene Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: ClothingLiving Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Attention and Neglect Living Conditions Chez la Nourrice: Food Inspection and Medical Care Chez la Nourrice Conclusion: Improved Conditions7. Survivors: The Older Children and Young AdultsParental Reclamation of the Children Children and Young Adults with their Foster ParentsIncurably Infirm or Disabled Children and Young Adults Secular and Religious EducationVocational Training, Agricultural Labor, and Apprenticeship Military Service Marriage Deviant and Criminal Behavior Conclusion: Bonds of Affection General ConclusionAppendix A: Decree of January 19, 1811 Appendix B: Deliberation of January 25, 1837Notes Bibliography Index

“Professional city managers have long known about the influence and importance of advisory boards and commissions in the decision making in local government. Thank you, Rob, for shedding a little light on these groups that operate in the twilight of government.” — Scot E. Simpson, City Administrator, River Falls, Wisconsin