A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests

William Kinnear, MD, MRCP, studied at University College London and Westminster Hospital Medical School. After training posts in London and Cambridge, he moved to Nottingham where he was appointed as a consultant respiratory physician in 1993. His interest in respiratory physiology led to a Wellcome travelling fellowship at Erasmus Hospital in Brussels, and he has developed close links with the sport science department at Nottingham Trent University.Dr. Lukas Kalinke, BM, BSc (Hons), MRCP, PGCert, PhD is a consultant respiratory physician who has a long-standing interest in understanding and teaching pathophysiology. He has won numerous awards for his teaching. His PhD was both clinical and laboratory based investigating preinvasive lung squamous cell lesions. He has previously been involved in asthma immunobiology research. His work has been published in Nature Immunology and Science. He has also written review and editorial articles and a book chapter on preinvasive airway lesions.Prof. (Hon) James Hull, MBBS, PhD, FRCP, FACSM, is a consultant respiratory physician and sports pulmonologist. He first became interested in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) as an medical undergraduate at St George's Hospital, under the tutelage of the late Prof. Brian Whipp. He has subsequently spent time at UCLA advancing his expertise in the clinical application of CPET. He leads an unexplained breathlessness service utilising CPET in hundreds of patients each year. He has published numerous papers in this field, with most recent focus on how CPET can be used to identify abnormal breathing patterns, using non-linear statistical methods.

• Section 1: Introduction to CPET1: Why Do A Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test?2: Pre-Test Assessment3: Supervising a CPET4: How to do a CPETSection 2: CPET Parameters5: Oxygen Uptake6: Heart Rate7: Ventilation8: Carbon Dioxide Output9: Respiratory Exchange Ratio10: Oxygen Pulse11: Ventilatory Equivalents12: Anaerobic Threshold13: Respiratory Compensation Point14: OxygenationSection 3: Interpretation15: Presentation of Results16: Interpretative Strategy17: Common Clinical ScenariosSection 4: Specialised CPET Applications18: Athletes19: Dysfunctional Breathing20: Long-COVID21: CPET in Children22: Preoperative Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing23: Exercise PrescriptionSection 5: Questions24: Example Exam Questions