A People and a Nation

Mary Beth Norton, the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History at Cornell University, received her B.A. from the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. from Harvard University. She teaches courses in the history of exploration, early America, women’s history, Atlantic world and American Revolution. Her many books have won awards from the Society of American Historians, Berkshire Conference of Women Historians and English-Speaking Union. Her book, FOUNDING MOTHERS & FATHERS, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2011 her book SEPARATED BY THEIR SEX: WOMEN IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE IN THE COLONIAL ATLANTIC WORLD was published. She was the Pitt Professor of American History at the University of Cambridge in 2005-2006. The Rockefeller Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation and Huntington Library, among others, have awarded her fellowships. Dr. Norton has served on the National Council for the Humanities and is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has appeared on Book TV, the History and Discovery Channels, PBS and NBC as a commentator on Early American history. David W. Blight received his B.A. from Michigan State University and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. He is the Sterling Professor of American History and director of the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition at Yale University. In 2019, he won the Pulitzer Prize in history for his work, FREDERICK DOUGLASS: PROPHET OF FREEDOM. His RACE AND REUNION: THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICAN MEMORY, 1863–1915, received eight awards, including the Bancroft Prize, the Frederick Douglass Prize, the Abraham Lincoln Prize and four prizes awarded by the Organization of American Historians. Blight’s essays and op-eds have appeared in numerous journals and newspapers. From 2013–2014, he was the Pitt Professor of American History at the University of Cambridge in the UK. For the first seven years of his career Dr. Blight was a high school history teacher in his hometown of Flint, MI. In 2023, he served as president of the Organization of American Historians. Howard P. Chudacoff, the George L. Littlefield Emeritus Professor of American History at Brown University, was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He earned his A.B. (1965), M.A. (1967) and Ph.D. (1969) at the University of Chicago. He has written MOBILE AMERICANS (1972), THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN URBAN SOCIETY (eight editions between 1975 and 2014), HOW OLD ARE YOU: AGE CONSCIOUSNESS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1989), THE AGE OF THE BACHELOR: CREATING AN AMERICAN SUBCULTURE (1999), CHILDREN AT PLAY: AN AMERICAN HISTORY (2007) and CHANGING THE PLAYBOOK: HOW POWER, PROFIT, AND POLITICS TRANSFORMED COLLEGE SPORTS (2015). His articles have appeared in The Journal of American History, The Journal of Family History, Reviews in American History and The Journal of Sport History. At Brown, he has served as Co-Chair of the Program in American Civilization, Chair of the History Department, Executive Committee of the Urban Studies Program and Faculty Representative to the NCAA. The National Endowment for the Humanities, Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation have funded his scholarship. A native of Stockholm, Sweden, Fredrik Logevall is the Laurence D. Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard University, where he holds appointments in the Department of History and the Kennedy School of Government. He received his B.A. from Simon Fraser University and his Ph.D. from Yale University. He is the author or editor of 11 books, most recently JFK: COMING OF AGE IN THE AMERICAN CENTURY, 1917–1956 (2020), which received the Elizabeth Longford Prize and was The Times (UK) biography of the year and a New York Times Notable Book of the Year. His book EMBERS OF WAR: THE FALL OF AN EMPIRE AND THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S VIETNAM (2012), won the Pulitzer Prize in History and the Francis Parkman Prize, in addition to other awards. A past president of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR), Logevall is a member of the Society of American Historians and the Council of Foreign Relations and serves on numerous editorial advisory boards. Beth Bailey is Foundation Distinguished Professor and Director of the Center for Military, War and Society Studies at the University of Kansas. She earned her B.A. from Northwestern University and her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Bailey is a historian of the 20th and 21st century United States, whose research focuses on U.S. military, war and society and the history of gender and sexuality in the United States. A prize-winning teacher who has worked in large state universities and liberal arts colleges, she is the author or editor/co-editor of a dozen books, the most recent of which is AN ARMY AFIRE: HOW THE US ARMY CONFRONTED ITS RACIAL CRISIS IN THE VIETNAM ERA. Her recent scholarly awards include the Higuchi-Balfour Jeffrey award for research in the humanities and social sciences, the Society for Military History’s Samuel Eliot Morison award for lifetime achievement in military history and the Pitt Professorship in American History at Cambridge university (2025–2026). She currently serves, by appointment of the Secretary of the Army, as chair of the Department of the Army’s Historical Advisory Subcommittee. Thomas G. Paterson, professor emeritus of history at the University of Connecticut, graduated from the University of New Hampshire (B.A., 1963) and the University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D., 1968). He is the author of Soviet-American Confrontation (1973), Meeting the Communist Threat (1988), On Every Front (1992), Contesting Castro (1994), America Ascendant (with J. Garry Clifford, 1995), and A People and a Nation (with Mary Beth Norton et al., 2001). Tom is also the editor of Cold War Critics (1971), Kennedy's Quest for Victory (1989), Imperial Surge (with Stephen G. Rabe, 1992), The Origins of the Cold War (with Robert McMahon, 1999), Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (with Michael J. Hogan, 2004), and Major Problems in American Foreign Relations (with Dennis Merrill, 2010). With Bruce Jentleson, he served as senior editor for the Encyclopedia of American Foreign Relations (1997). A microfilm edition of The United States and Castro's Cuba, 1950s-1970s: The Paterson Collection appeared in 1999. He has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of American History and Diplomatic History. A recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship, he has directed National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminars for College Teachers. In 2000 the New England History Teachers Association recognized his excellence in teaching and mentoring with the Kidger Award. Besides visits to many American campuses, Tom has lectured in Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Russia, and Venezuela. He is a past president of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, which in 2008 honored him with the Laura and Norman Graebner Award for "lifetime achievement" in scholarship, service, and teaching. A native of Oregon, Tom is now informally associated with Southern Oregon University. William M. Tuttle, Jr., received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1967. He has written numerous articles and books including Daddy's Gone to War and Plain Folk.

• Note: Each chapter includes a Summary.1. Three Old Worlds Create a New, 1492-1600American SocietiesNorth America in 1492African SocietiesEuropean SocietiesEarly European ExplorationsThe Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their SuccessorsSpanish Exploration and ConquestThe Columbian ExchangeLinks to the World: MaizeEuropeans in North AmericaLegacy for a People and a Nation: Columbus Day2. Europeans Colonize North America, 1600-1640New Spain, New France, and New NetherlandThe CaribbeanLinks to the World: WampumEnglish Interest in ColonizationThe Founding of VirginiaLife in the ChesapeakeThe Founding of New EnglandLife in New EnglandLegacy for a People and a Nation: The Foxwoods Casino and the Mashantucket Pequot Museum3. North America in the Atlantic World, 1640-1720The Growth of Anglo-American SettlementsA Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670sAfrican Slavery on the MainlandThe Web of Empire and the Atlantic Slave TradeLinks to the World: International PiracyEnslavement of Africans and IndiansImperial Reorganization and the Witchcraft CrisisLegacy for a People and a Nation: Americans of African Descent4. American Society Transformed, 1720-1770Population Growth and Ethnic DiversityEconomic Growth and DevelopmentColonial CulturesLinks to the World: Exotic BeveragesColonial FamiliesPolitics: Stability and Crisis in British AmericaA Crisis in ReligionLegacy for a People and a Nation: "Self-Made Men"5. Severing the Bonds of Empire, 1754-1774Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and IndiansLinks to the World: The First Worldwide War1763: A Turning PointThe Stamp Act CrisisResistance to the Townshend ActsConfrontations in BostonTea and TurmoilLegacy for a People and a Nation: The Census and Reapportionment6. A Revolution, Indeed, 1774-1783Government by Congress and CommitteeContest in the BackcountryChoosing SidesLinks to the World: New NationsWar and IndependenceThe Struggle in the NorthLife in the Army and on the Home FrontVictory in the SouthLegacy for a People and a Nation: Revolutionary Origins7. Forging a National Republic, 1776-1789Creating a Virtuous RepublicLinks to the World: NovelsThe First Emancipation and the Growth of RacismDesigning Republican GovernmentsTrials of the ConfederationOrder and Disorder in the WestFrom Crisis to the ConstitutionOpposition and RatificationLegacy for a People and a Nation: Women's Education8. The Early Republic: Conflicts at Home and Abroad, 1789-1800Building a Workable GovernmentDomestic Policy Under Washington and HamiltonThe French Revolution and the Development of Partisan PoliticsPartisan Politics and Relations with Great BritainJohn Adams and Political DissentIndians and African Americans at the End of the CenturyLinks to the World: Haitian RefugeesLegacy for a People and a Nation: Dissent During Wartime9. Partisan Politics and War: The Democratic-Republicans in Power, 1801-1815The Jefferson Presidency and Marshall CourtLouisiana and Lewis and ClarkA New Political CultureIndian ResistanceAmerican Shipping ImperiledLinks to the World: Industrial Piracy"Mr. Madison's War"Peace and ConsequencesLegacy for a People and a Nation: States' Rights and Nullification10. Nationalism, Expansion, and the Market Economy, 1816-1845Postwar NationalismThe Market Economy and Government's RoleTransportation LinksLinks to the World: The United States as a Developing NationCommercial FarmingThe Rise of Manufacturing and CommerceWorkers and the WorkplaceAmericans on the MoveAmerican Indian Resistance and RemovalLegacy for a People and a Nation: A Mixed Economy11. Reform and Politics in the Age of Jackson, 1824-1845From Revival to ReformAbolitionism and the Women's MovementLinks to the World: The International Antislavery MovementJacksonianism and Party PoliticsFederalism at Issue: The Nullification and Bank ControversiesThe Whig Challenge and the Second Party SystemManifest Destiny and ExpansionismLegacy for a Peo

Note: Each chapter includes a Summary. 1. Three Old Worlds Create a New, 1492-1600 American Societies North America in 1492 African Societies European Societies Early European Explorations The Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their Successors Spanish Exploration and Conquest The Columbian Exchange Links to the World: Maize Europeans in North America Legacy for a People and a Nation: Columbus Day 2. Europeans Colonize North America, 1600-1640 New Spain, New France, and New Netherland The Caribbean Links to the World: Wampum English Interest in Colonization The Founding of Virginia Life in the Chesapeake The Founding of New England Life in New England Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Foxwoods Casino and the Mashantucket Pequot Museum 3. North America in the Atlantic World, 1640-1720 The Growth of Anglo-American Settlements A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s African Slavery on the Mainland The Web of Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade Links to the World: International Piracy Enslavement of Africans and Indians Imperial Reorganization and the Witchcraft Crisis Legacy for a People and a Nation: Americans of African Descent 4. American Society Transformed, 1720-1770 Population Growth and Ethnic Diversity Economic Growth and Development Colonial Cultures Links to the World: Exotic Beverages Colonial Families Politics: Stability and Crisis in British America A Crisis in Religion Legacy for a People and a Nation: "Self-Made Men" 5. Severing the Bonds of Empire, 1754-1774 Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and Indians Links to the World: The First Worldwide War 1763: A Turning Point The Stamp Act Crisis Resistance to the Townshend Acts Confrontations in Boston Tea and Turmoil Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Census and Reapportionment 6. A Revolution, Indeed, 1774-1783 Government by Congress and Committee Contest in the Backcountry Choosing Sides Links to the World: New Nations War and Independence The Struggle in the North Life in the Army and on the Home Front Victory in the South Legacy for a People and a Nation: Revolutionary Origins 7. Forging a National Republic, 1776-1789 Creating a Virtuous Republic Links to the World: Novels The First Emancipation and the Growth of Racism Designing Republican Governments Trials of the Confederation Order and Disorder in the West From Crisis to the Constitution Opposition and Ratification Legacy for a People and a Nation: Women's Education 8. The Early Republic: Conflicts at Home and Abroad, 1789-1800 Building a Workable Government Domestic Policy Under Washington and Hamilton The French Revolution and the Development of Partisan Politics Partisan Politics and Relations with Great Britain John Adams and Political Dissent Indians and African Americans at the End of the Century Links to the World: Haitian Refugees Legacy for a People and a Nation: Dissent During Wartime 9. Partisan Politics and War: The Democratic-Republicans in Power, 1801-1815 The Jefferson Presidency and Marshall Court Louisiana and Lewis and Clark A New Political Culture Indian Resistance American Shipping Imperiled Links to the World: Industrial Piracy "Mr. Madison's War" Peace and Consequences Legacy for a People and a Nation: States' Rights and Nullification 10. Nationalism, Expansion, and the Market Economy, 1816-1845 Postwar Nationalism The Market Economy and Government's Role Transportation Links Links to the World: The United States as a Developing Nation Commercial Farming The Rise of Manufacturing and Commerce Workers and the Workplace Americans on the Move American Indian Resistance and Removal Legacy for a People and a Nation: A Mixed Economy 11. Reform and Politics in the Age of Jackson, 1824-1845 From Revival to Reform Abolitionism and the Women's Movement Links to the World: The International Antislavery Movement Jacksonianism and Party Politics Federalism at Issue: The Nullification and Bank Controversies The Whig Challenge and the Second Party System Manifest Destiny and Expansionism Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Bible Belt 12. People and Communities in the North and West, 1830-1860 Country Life The West Links to the World: Gold in California City Life Extremes of Wealth Family Life Immigrant Lives in America Free People of Color Legacy for a People and a Nation: White Fascination with and Appropriation of Black Culture 13. People and Communities in a Slave Society: The South, 1830-1860 The "Distinctive" South? Free Southerners: Farmers, Free Blacks, and Planters Links to the World: "King Cotton" in the World Economy Slave Life and Labor Slave Culture Slave Resistance and Rebellion Harmony and Tension in a Slave Society Legacy for a People and a Nation: Reparations for Slavery 14. Slavery and America's Future: The Road to War, 1845-1861 The War with Mexico and Its Consequences 1850: Compromise or Armistice? Slavery Expansion and Collapse of the Party System Links to the World: Annexation of Cuba Slavery and the Nation's Future Disunion Legacy for a People and a Nation: Terrorist or Freedom Fighter? 15. Transforming Fire: The Civil War, 1961-1865 America Goes to War, 1861-1862 War Transforms the South Wartime Northern Economy and Society The Advent of Emancipation The Soldiers' War 1863: The Tide of Battle Turns Disunity, South, North, and West 1864-1865: The Final Test of Wills Links to the World: The Civil War in Britain Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Confederate Battle Flag 16. Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865-1877 Wartime Reconstruction The Meanings of Freedom Johnson's Reconstruction Plan The Congressional Reconstruction Plan Reconstruction Politics in the South Reconstruction Reversed Links to the World: The Grants' Tour of the World Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Fourteenth Amendment 17. The Development of the West, 1877-1900 The Economic Activities of Native Peoples The Transformation of Native Cultures The Extraction of Natural Resources Irrigation and Transportation Links to the World: The Australian Frontier Farming the Plains The Ranching Frontier Legacy for a People and a Nation: The West and Rugged Individualism 18. The Machine Age, 1877-1920 Technology and the Triumph of Industrialism Links to the World: The Atlantic Cable Mechanization and the Changing Status of Labor Labor Violence and the Union Movement Standards of Living The Corporate Consolidation Movement The Gospel of Wealth and Its Critics Legacy for a People and a Nation: Industrialism, Smoke, and Pollution Control 19. The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, 1877-1920 Growth of the Modern City Urban Neighborhoods Living Conditions in the Inner City Managing the City Family Life The New Leisure and Mass Culture Links to the World: Japanese Baseball Legacy for a People and a Nation: Ethnic Food 20. Gilded Age Politics, 1877-1900 The Nature of Party Politics Links to the World: Missionaries Issues of Legislation The Presidency Restrengthened Discrimination, Disfranchisement, Response Agrarian Unrest and Populism The Depression and Protests of the 1890s The Silver Crusade and the Election of 1896 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Interpreting a Fairy Tale 21. The Progressive Era, 1895-1920 The Varied Progressive Impulse Governmental and Legislative Reform Links to the World: Russian Temperance New Ideas in Social Institutions Challenges to Racial and Sexual Discrimination Theodore Roosevelt and the Revival of the Presidency Woodrow Wilson and the Extension of Reform Legacy for a People and a Nation: Margaret Sanger, Planned Parenthood, and the Birth Control Controversy 22. The Quest for Empire, 1865-1914 Imperial Dreams Ambitions and Strategies Crises in the 1890s: Hawai'i, Venezuela, and Cuba The Spanish-American War and the Debate over Empire Asian Encounters: War in the Philippines, Diplomacy in China Links to the World: The U.S. System of Education in the Philippines TR's World Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Status of Puerto Rico 23. Americans in the Great War, 1914-1920 Precarious Neutrality The Decision for War Winning the War Links to the World: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 Mobilizing the Home Front Civil Liberties Under Challenge Red Scare, Red Summer The Defeat of Peace Legacy for a People and a Nation: Freedom of Speech and the ACLU 24. The New Era, 1920-1929 Big Business Triumphant Politics and Government Materialism Unbound Cities, Migrants, and Suburbs Links to the World: Pan American Airways New Rhythms of Everyday Life Lines of Defense The Age of Play Cultural Currents The Election of 1928 and the End of the New Era Legacy for a People and a Nation: Intercollegiate Athletics 25. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1941 Hoover and Hard Times: 1929-1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Launching of the New Deal Political Pressure and the Second New Deal Labor Federal Power and the Nationalization of Culture Links to the World: The 1936 Olympic Games The Limits of the New Deal Legacy for a People and a Nation: Social Security 26. Peaceseekers and Warmakers: Americans in the World, 1920-1941 Searching for Peace and Order in the 1920s The World Economy, Cultural Expansion, and Great Depression U.S. Dominance in Latin America The Course to War in Europe Japan, China, and a New Order in Asia U.S. Entry into World War II Links to the World: Radio News Legacy for a People and a Nation: Presidential Deception of the Public 27. The Second World War at Home and Abroad, 1941-1945 The United States at War The Production Front and American Workers Life on the Home Front The Limits of American Ideals Links to the World: War Brides Life in the Military Winning the War Legacy for a People and a Nation: Atomic Waste 28. The Cold War and American Globalism, 1945-1961 From Allies to Adversaries Containment in Action The Cold War in Asia The Korean War Unrelenting Cold War Links to the World: The People-to-People Campaign The Struggle for the Third World Legacy for a People and a Nation: The National Security State 29. America at Midcentury, 1945-1960 Shaping Postwar America Domestic Politics in the Cold War Era Cold War Fears and Anticommunism The Struggle for Civil Rights Creating a Middle-Class Nation Men, Women, and Youth at Midcentury Links to the World: Barbie The Limits of the Middle-Class Nation Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Pledge of Allegiance 30. The Tumultuous Sixties, 1960-1968 Kennedy and the Cold War Marching for Freedom Liberalism and the Great Society Johnson and Vietnam A Nation Divided Links to the World: The British Invasion 1968 Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Immigration Act of 1965 31. Continuing Divisions and New Limits, 1969-1980 The New Politics of Identity The Women's Movement and Gay Liberation The End in Vietnam Nixon, Kissinger, and the World Links to the World: OPEC and teh 1973 Oil Embargo Presidential Politics and the Crisis of Leadership Economic Crisis An Era of Cultural Transformation Renewed Cold War and Middle East Crisis Legacy for a People and a Nation: Human Rights Links to the World: OPEC and the 1973 Oil Embargo 32. Conservatism Revived, 1980-1992 Reagan and the Conservative Resurgence "Reaganomics" Links to the World: CNN Reagan and the World A Polarized People: American Society in the 1980s The End of the Cold War and Global Disorder Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Americans with Disabilities Act 33. Global Bridges in the New Millennium: America Since 1992 Social Strains and New Political Directions "The New Economy" and Globalization Paradoxes of Prosperity September 11 and the War on Terrorism Americans in the New Millennium Links to the World: The Global AIDS Epidemic Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Internet Appendix Suggestions for Further Reading Documents: Declaration of Independence in Congress, July 4, 1776; Articles of Confederation; Constitution of the United States of America and Amendments The American People and Nation: A Statistical Profile Presidential Elections Presidents and Vice Presidents Party Strength in Congress Justices of the Supreme Court