Heather J. Sharkey is an Associate Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (2003) and American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire (2008).

• 1. Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East; 2. The Islamic foundations of inter-communal relations; 3. The Ottoman experience; 4. The Ottoman Empire in an age of reform: from Sultan Mahmud II to the end of the Tanzimat era, 1808–76; 5. The pivotal era of Abdulhamid II, 1876–1909; 6. Coming together, moving apart: Ottoman Muslims, Christians, and Jews at the turn of the century; Epilogue.

'A captivating profile of the religious diversity in the Middle East that has been driven to the brink of extinction in the century since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A brilliant and essential history for understanding the tragedy of intolerance in the Arab world today.' Eugene Rogan, University of Oxford

Heather J. Sharkey is an Associate Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (2003) and American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire (2008).

• 1. Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East; 2. The Islamic foundations of inter-communal relations; 3. The Ottoman experience; 4. The Ottoman Empire in an age of reform: from Sultan Mahmud II to the end of the Tanzimat era, 1808–76; 5. The pivotal era of Abdulhamid II, 1876–1909; 6. Coming together, moving apart: Ottoman Muslims, Christians, and Jews at the turn of the century; Epilogue.

'A captivating profile of the religious diversity in the Middle East that has been driven to the brink of extinction in the century since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A brilliant and essential history for understanding the tragedy of intolerance in the Arab world today.' Eugene Rogan, University of Oxford

Heather J. Sharkey is an Associate Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (2003) and American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire (2008).

• 1. Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East; 2. The Islamic foundations of inter-communal relations; 3. The Ottoman experience; 4. The Ottoman Empire in an age of reform: from Sultan Mahmud II to the end of the Tanzimat era, 1808–76; 5. The pivotal era of Abdulhamid II, 1876–1909; 6. Coming together, moving apart: Ottoman Muslims, Christians, and Jews at the turn of the century; Epilogue.

'A captivating profile of the religious diversity in the Middle East that has been driven to the brink of extinction in the century since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A brilliant and essential history for understanding the tragedy of intolerance in the Arab world today.' Eugene Rogan, University of Oxford