6G Frontiers

Chamitha de Alwis received his Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, in 2014. He also works as a Consultant in the areas of telecommunication, 4G, 5G, IoT, and network security and is a senior member of the IEEE. Quoc-Viet Pham received his MS. and Ph.D. degrees in telecommunications engineering from Inje University, South Korea, in 2015 and 2017, respectively. He is a member of the IEEE and is currently Guest Editor of the IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Madhusanka Liyanage received his M.Eng. degree from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, in 2011, his M.Sc. degree from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, in 2011, and his Doctor of Technology degree in communication engineering from the University of Oulu, Finland, in 2016. He is a senior member of the IEEE.

• About the Authors xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xxiAcronyms xxiiiPart I Introduction 11 Evolution of Mobile Networks 31.1 Introduction 31.2 6G Mobile Communication Networks 51.2.1 6G as Envisioned Today 51.2.2 6G Development Timeline 62 Key Driving Trends Toward 6G 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Expansion of IoT toward IoE 112.3 Massive Availability of Small Data 122.4 Availability of Self-Sustaining Networks 132.5 Convergence of Communications, Computing, Control, Localization, and Sensing (3CLS) 142.6 Zero Energy IoT 152.7 Advancement of Communication Technologies 162.8 Gadget-Free Communication 172.9 Increasing Elderly Population 183 6G Requirements 213.1 6G Requirements/Vision 213.2 Further-Enhanced Mobile Broadband (FeMBB) 233.2.1 Enabling 6G Applications 233.2.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 233.3 Ultramassive, Machine-Type Communication 243.3.1 Enabling 6G Applications 243.3.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 243.4 Extremely Reliable Low Latency Communication 253.4.1 Enabling 6G Applications 253.4.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 263.5 Extremely Low Power Communication 263.5.1 Enabling 6G Applications 273.5.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 273.6 Long Distance and High Mobility Communication 273.6.1 Enabling 6G Applications 273.6.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 273.7 High Spectrum Efficiency 283.7.1 Enabling 6G Applications 283.7.2 Key Enabling 6G Technologies 293.8 High Area Traffic Capacity 293.8.1 Enabling 6G Applications 293.8.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 293.9 Mobile Broadband and Low Latency (MBBLL) 293.9.1 Enabling 6G Applications 303.9.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 303.10 Massive Broadband Machine-Type Communications 303.10.1 Enabling 6G Applications 313.10.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 313.11 Massive Low Latency Machine-type Communications (mLLMT) 313.11.1 Enabling 6G Applications 323.11.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 323.12 AI-Assistive Extreme Communications 323.12.1 Enabling 6G Applications 323.12.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 334 Key 6G Technologies 354.1 Radio Network Technologies 354.1.1 Beyond Sub-6 GHz toward THz Communication 354.1.2 Nonterrestrial Networks Toward 3D Networking 374.2 AI/ML/FL 394.3 DLT/Blockchain 424.4 Edge Computing 444.5 Quantum Communication 474.6 Other New Technologies 494.6.1 Visible Light Communications 494.6.2 Large Intelligent Surfaces 504.6.3 Compressive Sensing 504.6.4 Zero-touch Network and Service Management 514.6.5 Efficient Energy Transfer and Harvesting 52Part II Architectural Directions 555 6G Architectural Visions 575.1 Evolution of Network Architecture 575.2 Intelligent Network of Subnetworks 585.3 A Greener Intelligent Network 605.4 Cybertwin-based Network Architecture 616 Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 636.1 Introduction 636.2 Need of Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 646.3 Overview of Zero Touch Network and Service Management 656.3.1 ZSM Architecture Principles 656.3.2 ZSM Architecture Requirements 666.3.2.1 Nonfunctional Requirements 666.3.2.2 Functional Requirements 666.3.2.3 Security Requirements 676.4 ZSM Reference Architecture 686.4.1 Components 686.4.1.1 Management Services 696.4.1.2 Management Functions 706.4.1.3 Management Domains 706.4.1.4 The E2E Service Management Domain 706.4.1.5 Integration Fabric 706.4.1.6 Data Services 706.4.2 ZSM Interfaces 706.4.2.1 Domain Data Collection 706.4.2.2 Domain Analytics 716.4.2.3 Domain Intelligence 716.4.2.4 Domain Orchestration 716.4.2.5 Domain Control 716.4.2.6 E2E Data Collection 716.4.2.7 E2E Analytics 716.4.2.8 E2E Intelligence 726.4.2.9 E2E Orchestration 726.5 Importance of ZSM for 5G and Beyond 727 Edge AI 737.1 Introduction 737.2 Benefits of Edge AI 757.3 Why Edge AI Is Important? 767.4 Building Blocks for Edge AI 777.4.1 Edge Computing 777.4.2 Support for Advanced Edge Analytics 787.4.3 Edge Inference and Edge Training 807.5 Architectures for Edge AI networks 817.5.1 End-to-End Architecture for Edge AI 817.5.2 Decentralized Edge Intelligence 817.6 Level of Edge AI 837.7 Future Cloud Computing Perspective 857.7.1 Resource Management 857.7.2 Energy and Operational Constraints 867.7.3 Security, Trust, and Privacy 867.7.4 Intermittent Connectivity 877.8 Role of Edge AI in 6G 887.8.1 Communication and Computation with Human-in-the-Loop 887.8.2 Critical but Conflicting Actors and Applications 897.8.3 Edge AI and Emerging Technologies 897.8.4 Technology Meets Business 90Acknowledgment 918 Intelligent Network Softwarization 938.1 Network Softwarization 938.2 Intelligent Network Softwarization 958.2.1 Service Function Chaining 958.2.2 Programmable Data Planes 968.2.3 In-Network Computing 979 6G Radio Access Networks 999.1 Key Aspects and Requirements 999.1.1 Flexibility 1009.1.2 Massive Interconnectivity 1019.1.3 Energy Efficiency 1029.2 Aerial Radio Access Networks 1039.3 AI-enabled RAN 1089.4 Open RAN 112Part III Technical Aspects 11510 Security and Privacy of 6G 11710.1 Introduction 11710.2 Evolution of Mobile Security 11810.3 6G Security Requirements 11910.3.1 6G Security Vision and KPIs 11910.4 Security Threat Landscape for 6G Architecture 12110.4.1 Intelligence Radio and RAN-Core Convergence 12310.4.2 Edge Intelligence and Cloudification of 6G Era 12410.4.3 Specialized 6G Networks 12510.4.4 Intelligence Network Management and Orchestration 12510.4.5 Consumer End (Terminals and Users) 12810.5 Security Challenges with 6G Applications 12910.5.1 UAV-based Mobility 13010.5.2 Holographic Telepresence 13010.5.3 Extended Reality 13110.5.4 Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) 13110.5.5 Smart Grid 2.0 13210.5.6 Industry 5.0 13310.5.7 Digital Twin 13310.6 Security Impact on New 6G Technologies 13410.6.1 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 13410.6.1.1 Threat Landscape 13510.6.1.2 Possible Solutions 13710.6.2 Quantum Computing 13810.6.2.1 Threat Landscape 13810.6.2.2 Possible Solutions 13910.6.3 Distributed and Scalable AI/ML 14010.6.3.1 Threat Landscape 14110.6.3.2 Possible Solutions 14210.6.4 Physical-Layer Security 14210.6.4.1 TeraHertz Technology 14210.6.4.2 Threat Landscape 14310.6.4.3 Possible Solutions 14310.6.4.4 Visible Light Communication Technology 14410.6.4.5 Threat Landscape 14410.6.4.6 Possible Solutions 14410.6.4.7 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface 14510.6.4.8 Threat Landscape 14510.6.4.9 Possible Solutions 14510.6.4.10 Molecular Communication (MC) 14510.6.4.11 Threat Landscape 14510.6.4.12 Possible Solutions 14610.7 Privacy 14611 Resource Efficient Networks 15111.1 Energy-Efficient 6G Network Management 15211.2 Energy-efficient Security 15611.3 Efficient Resource Management 158Acknowledgement 16112 Harmonized Mobile Networks and Extreme Global Network Coverage 16312.1 Harmonized Mobile Networks 16312.2 Extreme Global Network Coverage 17112.3 Limitations and Challenges 17813 Legal Aspects and Standardization of 6G Networks 18113.1 Legal Aspects 18113.1.1 Recent Developments of Legal Frameworks 18213.2 6G Standardization Efforts 18313.2.1 European Telecommunications Standards Institute 18313.2.2 Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance 18513.2.3 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) 18513.2.4 Next G Alliance 18513.2.5 5G Automotive Association 18613.2.6 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) 18613.2.7 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation (5G-ACIA) 18613.2.8 Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 18613.2.9 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) 18713.2.10 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 18713.2.11 Other SDOs 18713.2.11.1 Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) 18713.2.11.2 Canadian Communication Systems Alliance (CCSA) 18713.2.11.3 Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) 18813.2.11.4 Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) 18813.2.11.5 Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) 188Part IV Applications 18914 6G for Healthcare 19114.1 Evolution of Telehealth 19114.2 Toward Intelligent Healthcare with 6G 19214.3 Personalized Body Area Networks 19314.4 XR for Healthcare Applications 19414.5 Role of Blockchain in Medical Applications 19514.6 Security and Privacy Aspects of 6G Healthcare Applications 19615 Smart Cities and Society 5.0 19715.1 Preliminaries of Smart Cities 19715.2 6G for Smart Citizen 19915.3 6G for Smart Transportation 20115.4 6G for Smart Grid 20415.5 6G for Supply Chain Management 20715.6 6G for Other Smart Scenarios 209Acknowledgement 21016 Industrial Automation 21116.1 Introduction 21116.1.1.1 Motivations Behind the Evolution of Industry 5.0 21216.2 Background of Industry 5.0 21416.2.1 Definitions 21516.2.2 Additional Features of Industry 5.0 21616.2.2.1 Smart Additive Manufacturing 21616.2.2.2 Predictive Maintenance 21616.2.2.3 Hyper-Customization 21716.2.2.4 Cyber Physical Cognitive Systems 21816.3 Applications in Industry 5.0 21816.3.1 Cloud Manufacturing 21816.3.2 Digital Twins 22016.3.3 Cobots (Collaborative Robots) 22016.3.4 Supply Chain Management 22116.3.5 Manufacturing/Production 22216.4 Role of 6G in Industry 5.0 22316.4.1 Internet of Everything 22416.4.1.1 Big Data Analytics 22416.4.1.2 Blockchain 22516.4.2 Edge Computing 22516.4.2.1 Other Enabling Technologies 22617 Wild Applications 22917.1 Introduction 22917.2 Metaverse 22917.3 Deep-Sea Explorations 23117.4 Space Tourism 232Acknowledgement 235Part V Conclusion 23718 Conclusion 239Bibliography 241Index 293