3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking

Dr Lajos Hanzo is Professor of Wireless multimedia communications in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southapton. He has over 30 years experience in communications and has held various academic posts in Hungary, Germany and the UK. He has been a member of the academic staff at Southampton University since 1986 where he currently holds the Chair in Telecommunications. Professor Hanzo has published 12 titles with Wiley/IEEE and has published about 700 research papers. Dr Jonathan Blogh received a Ph.D. degree in mobile communications from the University of Southampton. His current areas of research include the networking aspects of FDD and TDD mode third-generation mobile cellular networks and he received the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Memorial Prize from the Institute of Electrical Engineering, U.K., in 1997 for interest and commitment to mobile radio and RF engineering.Dr Song Ni received his PhD from the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton. Formerly of Multiple Access Communications Ltd in Southampton where he was an engineer working on assessments of 3G standards-related patents. He recently moved to Panasonic UK. He has published several journal articles.

• About the Authors xvOther Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxxi1 Third-generation CDMA Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Basic CDMA System 2  1.2.1 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals 21.2.2 The Effect of Multipath Channels 61.2.3 Rake Receiver 91.2.4 Multiple Access 131.2.5 Spreading Codes 191.2.6 Channel Estimation 221.2.7 Summary 261.3 Third-generation Systems 261.3.1 Introduction 261.3.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) 291.3.3 The cdma2000 Terrestrial Radio Access 681.3.4 Performance-enhancement Features 821.3.5 Summary of 3G Systems 841.4 Summary and Conclusions 852 High Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet Access 872.1 Introduction 872.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 882.2.1 Physical Layer 922.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 982.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 992.3.1 Physical Layer 1022.3.2 MAC Layer 1082.4 Implementation Issues 1122.4.1 HS-SCCH Detection Algorithm 1122.4.2 16QAM 1152.4.3 HARQ Result Processing Time 1162.4.4 Crest Factor 1173 HSDPA-style Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wireless Transceivers 1193.1 Motivation 1193.2 Narrowband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 1203.3 Wideband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 1233.3.1 Channel Quality Metrics 1233.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Transceivers 1263.5 BbB-AQAM Performance 1293.6 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Performance 1313.6.1 AQAM Switching Thresholds 1333.6.2 Turbo-coded AQAM Videophone Performance 1353.7 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Joint-Detection CDMA Video Transceiver 1363.7.1 Multi-user Detection for CDMA 1363.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptation and Signalling 1383.7.3 The JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver 1393.7.4 JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver Performance 1413.8 Subband-adaptive OFDM Video Transceivers 1453.9 Summary and Conclusions 1504 Intelligent Antenna Arrays and Beamforming 1514.1 Introduction 1514.2 Beamforming 1524.2.1 Antenna Array Parameters 1524.2.2 Potential Benefits of Antenna Arrays in Mobile Communications 1534.2.3 Signal Model 1624.2.4 A Beamforming Example 1654.2.5 Analog Beamforming 1664.2.6 Digital Beamforming 1674.2.7 Element-space Beamforming 1674.2.8 Beam-space Beamforming 1684.3 Adaptive Beamforming 1694.3.1 Fixed Beams 1704.3.2 Temporal Reference Techniques 1714.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques 1844.3.4 Blind Adaptation 1874.3.5 Adaptive Arrays in the Downlink 1894.3.6 Adaptive Beamforming Performance Results 1914.4 Summary and Conclusions 2135 Adaptive Arrays in an FDMA/TDMA Cellular Network 2155.1 Introduction 2155.2 Modelling Adaptive Antenna Arrays 2165.2.1 Algebraic Manipulation with Optimal Beamforming 2165.2.2 Using Probability Density Functions 2185.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion Beamforming 2195.3 Channel Allocation Techniques 2205.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation 2215.3.2 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms 2325.3.3 Overview of Channel Allocation Algorithms 2365.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays 2415.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays 2425.5 Multipath Propagation Environments 2455.6 Network Performance Results 2515.6.1 System Simulation Parameters 2525.6.2 Non-wraparound Network Performance Results 2615.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results 2925.7 Summary and Conclusions 3156 HSDPA-style FDD Networking, Adaptive Arrays and Adaptive Modulation 3176.1 Introduction 3176.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 3186.3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 3206.3.1 Spreading and Modulation 3216.3.2 Common Pilot Channel 3256.3.3 Power Control 3266.3.4 Soft Handover 3286.3.5 Signal-to-interference plus Noise Ratio Calculations 3296.3.6 Multi-user Detection 3316.4 Simulation Results 3326.4.1 Simulation Parameters 3326.4.2 The Effect of Pilot Power on Soft Handover Results 3366.4.3 Ec/Io  Power Based Soft Handover Results 3516.4.4 Overview of Results 3636.4.5 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 3656.4.6 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 3736.5 Summary and Conclusions 3807 HSDPA-style FDD/CDMA Performance Using Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes 3837.1 Effects of Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes on the Performance of CDMA Systems 3837.1.1 Introduction 3837.1.2 Loosely Synchronized Codes 3847.1.3 System Parameters 3867.1.4 Simulation Results 3887.1.5 Summary 3917.2 Effects of Cell Size on the UTRA Performance 3927.2.1 Introduction 3927.2.2 System Model and System Parameters 3937.2.3 Simulation Results and Comparisons 3957.2.4 Summary and Conclusion 4007.3 Effects of SINR Threshold on the Performance of CDMA Systems 4017.3.1 Introduction 4017.3.2 Simulation Results 4027.3.3 Summary and Conclusion 4067.4 Network-layer Performance of Multi-carrier CDMA 4077.4.1 Introduction 4077.4.2 Simulation Results 4137.4.3 Summary and Conclusions 4198 HSDPA-style TDD/CDMA Network Performance 4218.1 Introduction 4218.2 UMTS FDD versus TDD Terrestrial Radio Access 4228.2.1 FDD versus TDD Spectrum Allocation of UTRA 4228.2.2 Physical Channels 4238.3 UTRATDD/CDMA System 4248.3.1 The TDD Physical Layer 4258.3.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode 4258.3.3 Power Control 4268.3.4 Time Advance 4288.4 Interference Scenario in TDD CDMA 4288.4.1 Mobile-to-Mobile Interference 4298.4.2 Base Station-to-Base Station Interference 4298.5 Simulation Results 4308.5.1 Simulation Parameters 4318.5.2 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array Aided TDD CDMA Systems 4338.5.3 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array and Adaptive Modulation Aided TDD HSDPA-style Systems 4388.6 Loosely Synchronized Spreading Code Aided Network Performance Of UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 4428.6.1 Introduction 4428.6.2 LS Codes in UTRA TDD/CDMA 4448.6.3 System Parameters 4458.6.4 Simulation Results 4468.6.5 Summary and Conclusions 4499 The Effects of Power Control and Hard Handovers on the UTRA TDD/CDMA System 4519.1 A Historical Perspective on Handovers 4519.2 Hard HO in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 4529.2.1 Relative Pilot Power-based Hard HO 4539.2.2 Simulation Results 4549.3 Power Control in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 4649.3.1 UTRATDD Downlink Closed-loop Power Control 4649.3.2 UTRA TDD Uplink Closed-loop Power Control 4669.3.3 Closed-loop Power Control Simulation Results 4669.3.4 UTRA TDDUL Open-loop Power Control 4759.3.5 Frame-delay-based Power Adjustment Model 4769.4 Summary and Conclusion 48610 Genetically Enhanced UTRA/TDD Network Performance 48910.1 Introduction 48910.2 The Genetically Enhanced UTRA-like TDD/CDMA System 49010.3 Simulation Results 49410.4 Summary and Conclusion 49911 Conclusions and Further Research 50111.1 Summary of FDD Networking 50111.2 Summary of FDD versus TDD Networking 50611.3 Further Research 51111.3.1 Advanced Objective Functions 51311.3.2 Other Types of GAs 513Glossary 515Bibliography 521Subject Index 547Author Index 553