3D Printing in Healthcare

Rishabha Malviya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University. He has authored more than 150 research/review papers for national/international journals of repute. He has been granted more than 10 patents from different countries while a further 40 patents have either been published or are under evaluation. He has edited about 50 volumes, of which many are under the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. His areas of research interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, localized drug delivery, and characterization of natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Rishav Sharma has completed his B Pharm from Kanpur Institute of Technology and Pharmacy, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh India, and M Pharm from Galgotias University, India, where he is now an associate professor. He has authored four book chapters and published more than 10 journal articles.

• Foreword xiiiPreface xv1 Introduction to 3D Printing in Healthcare 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Revolutionary Rise of 3D Printing Technology 71.3 3D Printing Revolution Engineering 71.4 3D Printer Types for Additive Manufacturing 91.5 3D Printing in the Healthcare Industry 91.6 Early-Phase Drug Development 101.7 Customized Drugs 101.8 Advanced Pharmacological Treatments 111.9 Community Medicine 111.10 Clinical Pharmacy Practice 111.11 3D Printing Process and Product Variable Optimization 121.12 Recent Trends in 3D Printing Regulation 121.13 Conclusion 13References 142 3D Printing in Medical Science 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Present Clinical Applications 212.3 3D-Printed Models in CHD 212.4 Cardiovascular Disease Models in 3D Printing 222.5 Tumor in 3D-Printed Models 232.6 3D-Printed Models in the Development of CT Scanning Procedures 242.7 Pharmaceutical 3D-Printing Technologies 242.8 Challenges Facing Printed Pharmaceuticals 252.8.1 A Developing Sector 272.9 Opportunities and Limitations of Using 3D Printing in Healthcare 282.10 Conclusion and Future Direction 31References 313 3D Printing in Fabrication of Dosage Form 373.1 Introduction 373.2 History 393.3 Advantages 393.4 Limitations and Challenges 403.5 Personalized Dosage Form 413.6 Bio-Inks 413.7 Applications in Healthcare 413.8 3D Printing Techniques 423.8.1 Binder Deposition 423.8.2 Material Jetting 433.8.3 Extrusion 433.8.4 Powder Bed Fusion 433.8.5 Photopolymerization (Stereolithography) 443.8.6 Pen-Based 3D Printing 443.9 Comparison to the Conventional Manufacturing Technique 443.10 Comparisons between Various 3D Printing Techniques 443.10.1 Basic 3D Printing Procedure 443.10.1.1 Designing 453.10.1.2 Creating a Machine-Readable Format 453.10.1.3 Raw Material Processing 453.10.1.4 Actual Printing 453.10.2 Various Dosage Forms 453.10.3 Immediate-Release Tablet 453.11 Bilayer Tablets 463.11.1 Capsule 463.11.2 Polypill 463.11.3 Sedds 473.11.4 Implants 473.12 Benefits of Various Disorders 473.12.1 Cancer 473.12.2 Diabetes 483.13 Cardiovascular Diseases 483.14 Neurodegenerative Diseases 493.15 Other Diseases 493.16 Regulatory Issues 503.17 Conclusions 50References 514 The Potential of 3D-Printed Anatomical Model for Surgical Planning 594.1 Introduction 594.2 3D-Printed Approaches: Anatomical Simulations 614.2.1 Orthopedic Tissue 614.2.2 Heart Valve 624.2.3 Neurosurgery 624.2.4 Malignant Tissues 624.3 Congenital Anomalies: Surgical Planning 634.4 Anatomical Training With 3D-Printed Models 634.5 Advantages, Challenges, and Ethical Concerns 634.6 Fundamentals of 3D Printing 644.7 Additive Manufacturing Techniques 654.8 Surgical Applications 664.8.1 Craniofacial and Nervous Systems 664.8.1.1 Head and Neck 664.8.1.2 Brain and Spinal Cord 684.9 Cardiovascular System 684.9.1 Cardiothoracic 684.9.2 Vascular 704.10 Clinical Applications in Preoperative Planning 704.11 Cardiovascular Surgery 704.12 Neurosurgery 714.13 Craniomaxillofacial Surgery 724.14 Orthopedic Surgery 734.15 Interventional Radiology 734.16 Other Interventions 734.17 Conclusion 75References 755 Customized Implants and Prosthetics with 3D Printing 855.1 Introduction 855.2 Image Acquisition and Prosthesis Design 885.3 Manufacturing the TAV Prosthesis 895.4 Patient Information 895.5 Commonly Used 3D Printing Technologies in the Medical Field 895.5.1 Fused Deposition Modeling or Free Form Fabrication 905.5.2 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting 905.6 Material Sintering 915.7 Process Chain for Customized Prosthetics and Implants 925.7.1 Product Requirements 925.7.2 Design Process 925.8 Applications 935.8.1 Endoprostheses 935.8.2 Patient-Specific Surgical Guides 945.8.3 Knee Implants 945.8.4 Spinal Implants 955.9 3D Printing Technology for a Customized Implant and Prosthesis Production 955.10 Benefits of 3D-Printing-Customized Implants and Prostheses 965.11 Limitations and Future Directions 975.12 Conclusion 97References 976 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems with 3D Printing 1016.1 Introduction 1016.2 Modern 3D-Printing Technologies 1046.2.1 Vat Photopolymerization-Based 3D Printing 1046.3 SLA-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 1046.4 DLP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 1056.5 CLIP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 1056.6 TPP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 1066.7 FDM for Advanced Drug Delivery Applications 1076.8 Local Drug Delivery Devices 1076.8.1 Implanted Medical Medication Delivery Systems (Long-Term Organ and Drug-Eluting Devices) 1076.9 Surgical Intervention and Postoperative Implants 1086.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives 1096.11 The Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing Technique 1096.11.1 Microneedles 1106.11.2 Soft Robots 1106.11.3 Implants 1106.12 Regulatory Issues of Drug Delivery Medical Device 1116.13 Scalability and Cost Factors 1126.14 Conclusion 114References 1147 Exploring the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 1217.1 Introduction 1217.2 Scaffold Architecture Design 1237.2.1 Scaffold Library 1237.2.2 Functionally Graded Scaffold 1247.2.3 Design for Vascularization 1257.3 Scaffold-Based Technique 1267.3.1 Polymeric Scaffolds 1267.3.2 Hydrogel System 1277.3.3 Inorganic Scaffolds 1287.4 Scaffold-Free Approach 1307.5 Bioreactor 1317.6 Design Considerations 1327.6.1 Scaffold Materials 1327.6.2 Bio-Ink 1327.6.3 Bioprinters 1337.7 Conclusion 133References 1348 Personalized Medicine with 3D Printing 1438.1 Introduction 1438.2 History of 3D Printing 1468.3 Technologies for 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Research and Development 1478.3.1 The Inkjet Printing Process 1478.3.2 Continuous Inkjet Printer 1478.3.3 Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printer 1478.3.4 Thermal Inkjet Printer 1488.3.5 Piezoelectric Inkjet Printer 1488.4 Medicinal Applications for Inkjet Printers 1488.5 Binder Jet Printing 1508.6 Medicinal Applications for Binder Jet Printing 1508.7 Fused Deposition Modeling 1518.8 Selective Laser Sintering 1528.9 Pressure-Assisted Micro-Syringe 1528.10 The Possibility of 3D Printing in Individualized Medicine 1538.11 Dose Personalization 1538.12 Modifying Release Profiles 1548.13 Combination Tablets—Polypills 1558.14 3D Printing for Everybody 1568.14.1 Medical Pediatric Treatment 1568.14.2 Tending to Geriatrics 1568.15 3D Printing in a Clinical Setting 1578.15.1 Challenges 1578.15.2 Technology 1578.15.3 Safety Aspects 1588.15.4 Clinical Pharmacy Practice 1588.16 Regulatory Aspects 1588.17 Conclusion 159References 1609 3D Printing Techniques in a Medical Setting 1679.1 Introduction 1679.2 Medical 3D Printing on Four Different Levels 1689.2.1 Organ Models for Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment Evaluation 1689.2.2 Permanent Non-Bioactive Implants 1709.3 Fabricating Local Bioactive and Biodegradable Scaffolds 1729.4 Characteristics of Scaffolds 1739.4.1 Indirect Cell Assembly 1739.4.2 Direct Cell Assembly 1749.5 Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds 1769.6 Directly Printing Tissue and Organs 1769.7 Biomedical Material in 3D Printing 1779.8 Medical Metal Materials 1779.9 Medical Polymer Materials 1789.10 Medical Ceramic Materials 1799.11 Limitations 1809.12 Conclusions and Future Directions 180References 18110 3D Printing in Hospital Administration and Management 18710.1 Introduction 18710.2 Role of 3D Printing in Medicine 18910.3 What Can Go Wrong 18910.4 Techniques for 3D Printing in Clinical Settings 19110.5 Design Input and Output 19110.6 Production Process and QA 19310.7 Image Acquisition 19410.8 Segmentation 19410.9 Printing the Model 19510.10 Validation and Verification of Processes 19610.11 Collaboration Between Medical Professionals 19610.12 Unique Obstacles and Regulatory Issues 19710.13 Conclusion 198References 19811 Emerging Applications of 3D Printing in Plastic Surgery 20511.1 Introduction 20611.2 3D Printing 20711.3 3D Printing in Medicine 20811.4 Preoperative Planning 20911.5 Intraoperative Guidance 20911.5.1 Education 20911.5.2 Customized Prosthesis 20911.5.3 Allied Health 21011.6 Bioprinting for Plastic Surgery Applications 21011.6.1 Skin Wounds 21011.7 3D Printing in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 21211.8 Preoperative Planning: Soft Tissue Mapping 21211.9 Preoperative Planning: Vascular Mapping 21311.10 Preoperative Planning: Bony Mapping 21411.11 Intraoperative Guidance 21411.12 Surgical Training 21511.13 Patient Education 21611.14 Patient-Specific Prosthesis 21611.15 Conclusion 217References 21812 Safety, Efficacy, and Point-of-Care for 3D Printing in Healthcare 22912.1 Introduction 22912.2 The Call for Standardization and Guidelines 23112.3 Applications and Benefits of Medical 3D Printing 23112.4 Deciding to Become a POC Manufacturer 23312.5 Obtaining 3D-Printing Management Support 23512.6 Setting Up a Platform to Assist POC 3D Printing 23612.6.1 Training and Staff 23612.6.2 Facility Requirements: Area, Building, and Power 23712.6.3 Sterilization 23812.6.4 Quality Management System 23812.6.5 Regulatory Considerations 23912.7 Powder-Based Binding Method 24012.8 Conclusion 241References 24113 3D Printing in Robotic Urosurgery 24913.1 Introduction 24913.2 Potential Urological Applications 25113.3 Patient-Specific 3D Models Help Experienced Surgeons Plan, Practice, and Guide Complicated Procedures 25213.3.1 Pre-Operative Strategy 25213.3.2 Surgical Training 25313.4 Surgical Training Using 3D Generic Technique Models 25413.5 Patient Education and Counseling 25713.6 Conclusion 258References 25914 3D Printing in Ophthalmology 26314.1 Introduction 26314.2 External Eye Illness and Corneal Disease 26514.3 Corneal Tissue Bioprinting 26614.4 Drug Delivery 26814.5 Glaucoma 26814.6 Drug-Eluting Implants 26914.7 Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Devices 26914.7.1 Retina 27014.7.2 Lids and Orbit 27114.8 Regulatory Considerations 27314.9 Expert Opinion and Future Directions 27314.10 Conclusions 274References 275Index 279