Mary Elise Sarotte is Visiting Professor of Government and History at Harvard University and Dean's Professor of History at the University of Southern California. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall.

• List of Illustrations ix Preface: A Brief Note on Scholarship and Sources xi Abbreviations xvi Introduction: Creating Post-Cold War Europe: 1989 and the Architecture of Order 1 Chapter 1: What Changes in Summer and Autumn 1989? 11 Tiananmen Fails to Transfer 16 The Americans Step Back 22 The Status Quo Ceases to Convince 25 East German Self-Confidence Rises 28 Television Transforms Reality 38 Chapter 2: Restoring Four-Power Rights, Reviving a Confederation in 1989 48 On the Night of November 9 50 What Next? 62 The Four (Occupying?) Powers 65 Candy, Fruit, and Sex 68 The Portugalov Push 70 Specters Revive 76 The Restoration and Revival Models Fall Apart 81 Chapter 3: Heroic Aspirations in 1990 88 The Round Table 92 Counterrevolution? 95 The Consequences of the Brush with a Stage of Terror 99 Emerging Controversy over Reparations and NATO 103 "NATO's Jurisdiction Would Not Shift One Inch Eastward" 107 Property Pluralism 115 Chapter 4: Prefab Prevails 119 The Security Solution: Two lus Four Equals NATO 120 The Political Solution: Article 23 129 The Economic Solution: Monetary Union 132 The Election Campaign and the Ways of the Ward Heeler 135 The Results of March 18 142 Reassuring European Neighbors 145 Chapter 5: Securing Building Permits 150 The First Carrot: Money 152 The Washington Summit 160 The Second Carrot: NATO Reform 169 Breakthrough in Russia 177 Pay Any Price 186 Conclusion: The Legacy of 1989 and 1990 195 Counterfactuals 196 Consequences 201 Afterword to the New Edition - Revisiting 1989-1990 and the Origins of NATO Expansion 215 Introduction: Fading Memories 215 Bearing Unwelcome Tidings 216 Genscher's Thinking on NATO Expansion to Eastern Europe in 1990 219 The Split Between Bush and Baker 221 Kohl and Gorbachev 223 The Consequences of Camp David 226 Conclusion: The Persistence of Preferred Memories 228 Acknowledgments 230 Notes 235 Bibliography 307 Index 337

A Financial Times Book of the Year Winner of the 2010 Robert H. Ferrell Book Prize Award, Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Co-Winner of the 2010 Marshall Shulman Book Prize, Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies Winner of the 2009 DAAD Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German and European Studies, awarded by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2010 "Sarotte's focus is on Germany... [She] describes a host of competing conceptions of post-cold-war Europe that flourished, mutated and perished in the maelstrom of events that led up to German unity... Two decades later ... [t]here are still nuclear missiles aimed across the continent. It's hard to imagine that it could have been otherwise--but, Sarotte shows us, it could have been."--Paul Hockenos, New York Times Book Review "A great virtue of Mary Elise Sarotte's 1989 is that she makes the problem of hindsight bias explicit, and systematically explores the roads not taken."--Timothy Garton Ash, New York Review of Books "Much the most exciting of these books is Mary Elise Sarotte's 1989. In contrast to the other authors, Sarotte treats the uprisings and collapses of that year as a prelude to the biggest change of all: 'the struggle to create post-Cold War Europe', as her subtitle puts it... Sarottte [is] a lucid and compelling writer."--Neal Ascherson, London Review of Books "The author embeds her interpretation in a sharp-eyed, fluent narrative of 1989-1990 that sees the realpolitik behind the stirring upheavals... [S]he offers a smart and canny analysis of the birth of our not-so-new world order."--Publishers Weekly "Mary Elise Sarotte's 1989 ... shows why this post-Cold War world, and not a different one, came out of the dramatic events of 1989, and why the result was bound to pit the U.S. against Russia again in the twenty-first century."--George Packer, NewYorker.com "A hugely impressive study that looks beyond 1989 to the many-faceted battle to shape the new Europe."--Gerard DeGroot, Washington Post "Sarotte's book is compact and highly interpretive. Yet Sarotte has thoroughly mastered the original source material in all the key countries. She distills it with great skill, constantly enlivening her account with a sensibility for what these changes meant in life and culture. Hers is now the best one-volume work on Germany's unification available. It contains the clearest understanding to date of the extraordinary juggling performance of Kohl."--Philip D. Zelikow, Foreign Affairs "[A] scrupulous account of the high politics and diplomacy of 1989. With remarkable diligence, [Sarotte] has interviewed almost all the surviving participants, and quarried government archives and other libraries for documents that illustrate the decision-making (and lack of it) that year. The result is a tale of hypocrisy and indecision in high places."--Economist "The tragic hero of 1989, for Sarotte, is Gorbachev. He was, and is still seen by many Russians as a King Lear figure: a man prepared to give away what he should have retained to a west bent on extracting as much as possible from the Soviet collapse--under the cover of honeyed words and rhetoric of a new age."--John Lloyd, Financial Times "[1989] is a work of coruscating intelligence and inspired scholarship that brims with provocative conclusions, well-argued and documented. It will appeal to casual readers and scholars alike who want to revisit how history turned on its hinges 20 years ago."--Mike Leary, Philadelphia Inquirer "Sarotte's readable and reliable diplomatic history will no doubt take its place as the classic overview of this period. It is sensible, balanced, and well documented, drawing on what is now an extensive international body of primary and secondary sources."--Andrew Moravcsik, Foreign Affairs "Your humble blogger's all-time favorite historian, Mary Elise Sarotte, has just published her magnum opus, 1989, about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the year of diplomacy that led to a reunified Germany ensconced within NATO and the European Union."--Dan Drezner, Foreign Policy blog "Mary Sarotte's 1989, shows how the Wall's opening was not planned but was the immediate consequence of a bungled press conference by an East German official."--Mitchell Cohen, Dissent "[A] fresh analysis of the year's events and their after-effects."--Megan O'Grady, Vogue.com "This is a cracker of a read, a fast-paced policy study of a year that transformed Europe and the world. Mary Elise Sarotte sets out how fairly standard politicians saw the chance to extend democracy and the market economy throughout the Soviet empire and took it...This is a book for everybody who understands that politics is the application of policy and, when done well, can transform the world for the better."--Australian "[A] truly great book... [A] whodunit of world politics that uses sources from Germany, the USA, Russia and other countries to reveal both the details and the drama of the year of German unification in an unprecedented fashion."--Stefan Kornelius, Suddeutsche Zeitung "Sarotte has a good feel for the internal politics of all four external powers which, as a result of the 1945 settlement, had a continuing stake in Berlin and the broader issue of Germany's fate. But she is especially good on Germany."--Archie Brown, History Today "'On November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall opened and the world changed.' With this simple statement, Sarotte begins her timely, highly readable book in which she revisits the remarkable events in Europe between November 1989 and the end of 1990, with a focus on Germany... Stimulating reading for a general audience, students, and faculty/researchers."--Choice "Sarotte's outstanding book shows that Europe's prefab post-1989 order was a messy improvisation, but at no point during the collapse of communism did conditions favourable to the alternatives cohere."--Richard Gowan, International Journal "[1989] is widely and deeply-researched, gracefully written, and admirably concise. I especially liked the author's ability to express the human dimensions of her story by combining an analysis of big issues and long range trends with carefully-chosen vignettes and contemporary quotations. The book is full of astute and totally convincing judgments."--James Sheehan, H-Diplo Roundtable Reviews "This book sets the record straight on several issues [and] popular misconceptions and exposes the truth behind the positions of the major players. It is a valuable book that helps understand the international political power play."--Vaidehi Nathan, Organiser "Sarotte's book ... conveys a much-needed appreciation that history, even at its hinges, is anything but simple."--William W. Finan, Current History "Mary Elise Sarotte has produced a first-rate scholarly book. It is thoroughly researched, well written, intelligent, and full of interesting vignettes that complement the larger story she tells."--Michael Bernhard, American Historical Review "Mary Elise Sarotte's ... lucid and thoughtful book ... very effectively combines a detailed historical narrative with a conceptual framework which clarifies the significance of what happened, and of what failed to happen."--Roger Morgan, International Affairs "The prose and style are lucid... [1989] is valuable to students, academics and general readers alike in learning more about these epochal happenings... [T]his is an excellent work which is likely to become a key text for this period."--Alex Spelling, Diplomacy and Statecraft "[T]his book truly underscores the necessity of entering a post-triumphalist phase in writing the history of what came after the Wall came down. This book provides a wonderful example of how an enlightened diplomatic history can contribute to this endeavor."--Andreas W. Daum, Central European History "Sarotte skillfully weaves short biographical paragraphs into her diplomatic history. These grant the reader some insight into the persons actually involved. The added juicy details and lucid style also make her study more attractive than the average diplomatic history. Her digressions ... are nice to read and a welcome break from the many descriptions of diplomatic meetings and their political outcomes (although cleverly and eloquently written)... In conclusion, the book deals with exciting times in an exciting way."--Mare van den Eeden, European Review of History "The lion's share of Sarotte's book is directed toward the struggle between the US and the USSR and provides a fresh and insightful interpretation of Germany and the rebuilding of Europe. 1989 sheds light on many dark chapters of the past that continue to influence the present global political system."--Lior Alperovich, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs "Using multiple data from interviews with historical figures involved, biographies and extensive archival sources, she recounts the conversations, communiques and personalities central to the events. This is a major contribution to scholarship in this field."--Larry Ray, European History Quarterly "[A] superb book, reading both easy and rewarding, demonstrating that despite the difficulties inherent in the writing of contemporary history (especially access to sources), an innovative and important work is possible."--Olivier Schmitt, War Studies Publications