X-ray Radiation and Artificial Bragg Structures

Jean-Michel André holds a doctorate in engineering from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France. He is a former CNRS engineer and, in 2011, was awarded the instrumentation prize of the Société française de physique and the Société chimique de France.Philippe Jonnard is CNRS Research Director at LCPMR, France. He is a specialist in X-ray spectroscopy, and studies the stacking of nanometric thin films using innovative X-ray methods.

• Chapter 1. Historical Prolegomena 1Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD1.1. A short history of sources of X-rays 11.2. A short history of artificial Bragg structures and changes in them 171.2.1. Older work 171.2.2. Modern work 191.3. References 21Chapter 2. Propagation of X-ray Radiation in a Bragg Structure: Frequency Domain 29Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD2.1. Introduction to the interaction of X-rays and matter 292.2. Propagation in the frequency domain 332.2.1. Master equations and the Hill equation 352.2.2. Solving the Hill equation using the Bloch-Floquet method 372.2.3. Matrix methods 412.2.4. Recursive methods 572.3. Superluminal propagation and density of optical modes 652.4. References 67Chapter 3. Coupled-wave Theories 71Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD3.1. Introduction 713.2. Frequency domain 723.2.1. Standard theory of coupled waves 723.2.2. Tagaki-Taupin method 803.3. Time domain 833.4. Generalization to Laue geometry 873.5. References 94Chapter 4. Propagation in Hybrid Bragg Structures: Scattering Theory 97Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD4.1. Introduction 974.2. Considerations on hybrid structures 984.2.1. Grating structures 994.2.2. Fresnel lens structures 1004.3. Scattering theories applied to hybrid structures 1034.3.1. General approach 1034.3.2. Application to Bragg-Fraunhofer diffraction 1074.3.3. Application to Bragg-Fresnel diffraction 1144.4. References 116Chapter 5. Optimization and Design of Artificial Bragg Mirrors 121Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD5.1 Theoretical optimization of the mirrors 1215.1.1. Introduction 1215.1.2. Role of the number of unit cells 1225.1.3. Case of a bilayer unit cell 1235.2. Practical optimization of mirrors 1305.2.1. Accidental defects 1305.2.2. "Natural" defects - Rough or diffuse interfaces 1345.2.3. Practical optimization techniques 1435.3. Design of mirrors and inverse problem 1465.3.1. Design of "wide-band" mirrors and super-mirrors 1465.3.2. Design of chirped mirrors 1525.4. References 152Chapter 6. Physics of Artificial Bragg Structures: Presentation of Some Phenomena 163Jean-Michel ANDRÉ, Karine LE GUEN and Philippe JONNARD6.1. Introduction 1636.2. Kossel diffraction 1636.3. Purcell effect 1676.4. Bragg-Raman effect 1696.5. Optical and topological states - X-ray quantum optics 1716.6. Magnetism 1736.7. References 182Chapter 7. Applications of Artificial Bragg Structures 189Jean-Michel ANDRÉ, Karine LE GUEN and Philippe JONNARD7.1. Wavelength dispersion and monochromatization 1897.1.1. Wavelength dispersion 1897.1.2. Combined monochromatization 1967.2. Focusing using lenses 1997.2.1. Laue lens 1997.2.2. Bragg-Fresnel lens 2027.3. Polarimetry, interferometry and metrology of X-ray radiation 2037.3.1. Polarization 2037.3.2. Coherence 2057.4. Instruments and imaging at quasi-normal incidence 2057.4.1. EUV lithography 2067.4.2. Telescopes for EUV astrophysics 2087.4.3. X-ray/EUV microscope 2097.5. Instruments and imagery under grazing incidence 2107.6. Elements for X-ray radiation sources 2127.6.1. Introduction 2127.6.2. Optical elements for sources of X-ray radiation 2127.6.3. Elements generating sources of X-ray radiation 2147.7. References 218Chapter 8. Perspectives and Conclusion 229Jean-Michel ANDRÉ and Philippe JONNARD8.1. Perspectives for fabrication and characterization 2298.1.1. Fabrication 2298.1.2. Characterization 2308.2. Perspectives for applications 2318.2.1. Optics and imaging 2318.2.2. Sources 2358.3. References 2418.4. In more detail 246Appendices 247Appendix 1 249Appendix 2 253List of Authors 257Index 259