Zinc Batteries

Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). He has published many scientific articles and serves as an editorial board member for a number of international peer-reviewed journals and has published edited books with numerous publishers. Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is placed on the list of prestigious highly cited (Hi-Ci) researchers' of the year 2018 powered by Web of Science. He serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals and is the Vice President of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch). He holds multiple patents, has authored many books, more than one thousand publications in international journals, and multiple book chapters.

• Preface xiii1 Carbon Nanomaterials for Zn-Ion Batteries 1Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, Rajender Boddula, K. Chandra Babu Naidu and Ramyakrishna Pothu1.1 Introduction 21.2 Co4N (CN) - Carbon Fibers Network (CFN) -Carbon Cloth (CC) 21.3 N-Doping of Carbon Nanofibers 21.4 NiCo2S4 on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 41.5 3D Phosphorous and Sulfur Co-Doped C3N4 Sponge With C Nanocrystal 51.6 2D Carbon Nanosheets 61.7 N-Doped Graphene Oxide With NiCo2O4 61.8 Conclusions 7Acknowledgements 8References 82 Construction, Working, and Applications of Different Zn-Based Batteries 11G. Ranjith Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, D. Baba Basha, D. Prakash Babu, M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Ramyakrishna Pothu, and Rajender Boddula2.1 Introduction 122.2 History 132.3 Types of Batteries 142.3.1 Primary Battery 142.3.2 Secondary Battery 142.4 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 182.5 Zinc-Cerium Batteries 192.6 Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries 20References 213 Nickel and Cobalt Materials for Zn Batteries 25Sonal Singh, Rishabh Sharma and Manika Khanuja3.1 Introduction 263.2 Zinc Batteries 273.3 Nickel-Zinc Battery 273.3.1 History 273.3.2 Basics 283.3.3 Materials and Cost 303.3.4 Reliability 303.3.5 Voltage Drop 303.3.6 Performance 313.4 Advantages 313.5 Challenges 323.6 Effect of Metallic Additives, Cobalt and Zinc, on Nickel Electrode 323.7 Conclusion 33References 344 Manganese-Based Materials for Zn Batteries 37S. Ramesh, K. Chandrababu Naidu, K. Venkata Ratnam, H. Manjunatha, D. Baba Basha and A. Mallikarjauna4.1 Introduction 374.2 History of the Zinc and Zinc Batteries 384.3 Characteristics of Batteries 414.3.1 Capacity 414.3.2 Current 414.3.3 Power Density 414.4 MN-Based Zn Batteries 424.5 Conclusion 44References 475 Electrolytes for Zn-Ion Batteries 51Praveen Kumar Yadav, Sapna Raghav, Jyoti Raghav and S. S. Swarupa Tripathy5.1 Introduction 525.2 Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries (RZIBs) 535.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes (AqEs) 545.2.1.1 Pros and Cons of AEs 555.2.1.2 Neutral or Mildly Acidic Electrolytes 585.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 595.2.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 605.2.2.2 Hydrogel or Gel Electrolytes 615.2.2.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 635.2.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 635.2.4 Bio-Electrolyte 655.3 Summary 65Abbreviation Table 66Acknowledgments 66References 676 Anode Materials for Zinc-Ion Batteries 73Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Muhammad Inam Khan, Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad6.1 Introduction 736.2 Storage Mechanism 756.3 Zinc-Ion Battery Anodes 776.4 Future Prospects 816.5 Conclusion 81References 827 Cathode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 85Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour7.1 Introduction 857.1.1 Cathode Definition 867.2 Zinc Cathode Structure 877.3 Non-Valuable Materials for Cathode Electrocatalytic 897.4 Electrochemical Specifications of Activated Carbon as a Cathode 927.4.1 Electrochemical Evaluation of Cathode Substances La1−XCaxCoO3 Zinc Batteries 927.5 Extremely Durable and Inexpensive Cathode Air Catalyst 937.5.1 Co3O4/Mno2 NPs Dual Oxygen Catalyst as Cathode for Zn-Air Rechargeable Battery 947.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Employing Nitrogen as Catalyst in the Zinc/Air Battery System 947.5.3 Magnesium Oxide NPs Modified Catalyst for the Use of Air Electrodes in Zn/Air Batteries 947.5.4 Silver-Magnesium Oxide Nanocatalysts as Cathode for Zn-Air Batteries 957.5.5 One-Step Preparation of C-N Ni/Co-Doped Nanotube Hybrid as Outstanding Cathode Catalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries 957.6 Hierarchical Co3O4 Nano-Micro Array With Superior Working Characteristics Using Cathode Ray on Pliable and Rechargeable Battery 967.7 Dual Function Oxygen Catalyst Upon Active Iron-Based Zn-Air Rechargeable Batteries 977.7.1 Co4N and NC Fiber Coupling Connected to a Free-Acting Binary Cathode for Strong, Efficient, and Pliable Air Batteries 987.8 Conclusion 98Nomenclature 99References 998 Anode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 103Abbas Ghareghashi and Ali Mohebbi8.1 Introduction 1048.2 Zinc Anodes 1058.2.1 Downsizing of Zn Anodes 1068.2.2 Design of Membrane Separators 1078.2.3 The Use of ZnO Instead of Zn 1088.2.4 Increase of Surface Area in Zn Anode Structure 1108.2.5 Coating of Zn Anode 1118.2.5.1 Bismuth Oxide-Based Glasses 1128.2.5.2 Silica 1148.2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1158.2.5.4 ZnO@C 1168.2.5.5 Zn-Al LDHs 1168.2.5.6 ZnO@C-ZnAl LDHs 1188.2.5.7 Tapioca 1198.2.5.8 TiO2 1228.3 Conclusions 123References 1249 Safety and Environmental Impacts of Zn Batteries 131Saurabh Sharma, Abhishek Anand, Amritanshu Shukla and Atul Sharma9.1 Introduction 1319.2 Working Principle of Zinc-Based Batteries 1329.2.1 Zinc-Air Batteries Basic Principle and Advances 1339.2.2 Zinc Organic Polymer Batteries 1359.2.3 Zinc-Ion Batteries 1379.2.3.1 Zinc-Silver Batteries 1379.2.3.2 Zinc-Nickel Batteries 1389.2.3.3 Zinc-Manganese Battery 1409.3 Batteries: Environment Impact, Solution, and Safety 1419.3.1 Disposal of Batteries and Environmental Impact 1439.3.2 Recycling of Zinc-Based Batteries 1439.4 Conclusion 146Acknowledgement 147References 14710 Basics and Developments of Zinc-Air Batteries 151Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour10.1 Introduction 15110.1.1 Public Specifications 15110.2 Zinc-Air Electrode Chemical Reaction 15310.3 Zinc/Air Battery Construction 15410.4 Primary Zn/Air Batteries 15710.5 Principles of Configuration and Operation 15910.6 Developments in Electrical Fuel Zn/Air Batteries 16110.6.1 Zn/Air Versus Metal/Air Systems 16110.7 Conclusion 162References 16411 History and Development of Zinc Batteries 167Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav, Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar11.1 Introduction 16711.2 Basic Concept 16911.2.1 Components of Batteries 16911.2.2 Classification of Batteries 17111.2.2.1 Primary Batteries 17111.2.2.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries (RBs) 17111.3 Cell Operation 17211.3.1 Process of Discharge 17211.3.2 Process of Charge 17211.4 History 17311.5 Different Types of Zinc Batteries 17411.5.1 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 17411.5.2 Zinc/Manganese Oxide Batteries (Alkaline Batteries) 17411.5.3 Zinc/Silver Oxide Battery 17411.5.4 Zn-Air (Zn-O2) Batteries 17611.5.4.1 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O2 Batteries) 17711.5.4.2 Electrically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O2 Batteries) 17811.5.5 Hybrid Zn-O2 Batteries 17811.5.5.1 Hybrid Zn-Ni/O2 Batteries 17811.5.5.2 Hybrid Zn-Co/O2 Batteries 17911.5.6 Aqueous Zinc-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 18011.5.6.1 Zn2+ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 18011.5.6.2 Chemical Conversion Mechanism 18011.5.6.3 H+ and Zn2+ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 18111.6 Future Perspectives 18111.7 Conclusion 182Abbreviations 182Acknowledgement 183References 18312 Electrolytes for Zinc-Air Batteries 187Zahra Farmani, Mohammad Amin Sedghamiz, and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour12.1 Introduction 18712.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 18812.2.1 Alkaline Electrolytes 18912.2.1.1 Dissolution of Zinc in Alkaline Systems 18912.2.1.2 Insoluble Carbonates Precipitation 19212.2.1.3 Effect of Water 19312.2.1.4 Hydrogen Evolution 19412.2.2 Neutral Electrolytes 19512.2.3 Acidic Electrolytes 19612.3 Electrolytes of Non-Aqueous 19712.3.1 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 19912.3 Summary 203References 20613 Security, Storage, Handling, Influences and Disposal/Recycling of Zinc Batteries 215Manju Yadav and Dinesh Kumar13.1 Introduction 21513.2 Security of Zinc Battery 21713.2.1 Modifications for Improving Performance 21813.2.1.1 High Surface Area 21813.2.1.2 Carbon-Based Electrode Additives 22113.2.1.3 Discharge-Capturing Electrode Additives 22113.2.1.4 Electrode Coatings 22213.2.1.5 Electrolyte Additives 22213.2.1.6 Heavy-Metals Electrode Additive 22213.2.1.7 Polymeric Binders 22313.2.2 Storage and Handling 22413.3 Influence of Zinc Battery 22413.3.1 Consumption of Natural Resources 22513.3.2 Toxicity of Batteries to Humans 22613.3.3 Toxicity of Batteries to the Aquatic Environment 22613.4 Disposal/Recycling Options 227Acknowledgement 228References 22814 Materials for Ni-Zn Batteries 235Vaishali Tomar and Dinesh Kumar14.1 Introduction 23514.1.1 Functioning Principles of Nickel-Zinc Battery 23714.1.2 Ni-Zn Battery Design 23814.2 Expansion of Ni-Zn Battery 23914.2.1 Active Materials for the Battery 24014.3 Application 24114.4 Conclusion 242Acknowledgement 243References 243Index 249