Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation

André Monaco is Emeritus Director of Research for the French national research center (CNRS). His research interests concern marine sedimentology and geochemistry. He was responsible for part of the organizing committee for several French and European programs and has been guest editor for four special issues in international journals.Patrick Prouzet is Director of Research focusing on the ecosystemic approach at Ifremer in France. He specializes in the biology and dynamics of anadromous fish such as Atlantic salmon and eels. He is the author or co-author of several works on these species or on estuary fishing.

• FOREWORD xiCHAPTER 1. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS UNDER TOXIC PRESSURE 1Véronique LOIZEAU and Marie-Hélène TUSSEAU-VUILLEMIN1.1. Introduction 11.2. Details of the marine environment 31.2.1. The coastal zone 41.2.2. The open ocean 61.3. What is the biological response of organisms to contaminants? 91.3.1. At cellular level 101.3.2. On an individual level 131.3.3. On the level of the population 161.4. Consequences of toxic pressure on ecosystems 181.4.1. Interspecies relationships 191.4.2. Contamination and impact on genetic diversity 251.4.3. Host–parasite interactions 271.4.4. Resilience and resistance 281.5. Indirect effects and multiple stress factors 331.5.1. Impact on the future of contaminants 341.5.2. Effects of contaminants and climate change on different organization levels of life forms 351.6. Conclusion 381.7. Bibliography 41CHAPTER 2. VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF ESTUARIES TO CONTAMINATION BY ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA: A CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT DECADE 65Fabienne PETIT, Thierry BERTHE, Hélène BUDZINSKI, Roland LECLERCQ, Vincent CATTOIR, Antoine ANDREMONT, Kenny OBERLÉ, Anniet LAVERMAN, Erick DENAMUR2.1. Why does the ecosystem matter for human health in the emergence of antibiotic resistance 652.2. Bacterial antibiotic resistance: a global ecological process 672.3. Fate of contamination by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in estuary environments:Seine Estuary case study 692.3.1. The Seine Estuary: one of the most anthropized estuaries in Europe 692.3.2. The fate of contamination by antibiotics, from the sources of contamination to the estuary 702.3.3. Occurence of antibioticresistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in the Seine estuary 782.4. Estuary sediments: a vulnerable environment? 832.4.1. The resistome in estuary sediments 832.4.2. Impact of contamination by antibiotics on the functional microbial community of sediments 832.5. Vulnerability and resilience in the estuary environment 842.6. Acknowledgments 862.7. Bibliography 86CHAPTER 3. MICROBIOLOGICAL COASTAL RISKS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS 95Patrick MONFORT, Serge MORAND and Murielle LAFAYE3.1. Introduction 953.2. Risks and infectious diseases linked to coastal regions 963.2.1. Pathogenic agents 973.2.2. Environmental change and modifications in the epidemiological environment 1013.2.3. The consequences in terms of new infectious risks 1033.2.4. Emergence: cases of human pathogenic vibrios 1033.3. Monitoring of key environmental parameters 1073.3.1. Systems of measurement in situ 1083.3.2. Measurement systems by satellite 1103.3.3. Some ideas to bear in mind 1133.4. Toward remote monitoring systems and early warning systems applied to the remote monitoring of vibrios and algae 1143.4.1. Understanding the effect of global change 1143.4.2. “Remote sensing” approach 1153.4.3. Application of remote monitoring to vibrios 1173.4.4. Application of remote monitoring to cyanobacteria 1193.4.5. Integration of models in the monitoring and alert systems 1223.5. Acknowledgments 1233.6. Bibliography 123CHAPTER 4. VULNERABILITY, IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION OF COASTAL ZONES TO GLOBAL CHANGE 131Filipe DUARTE SANTOS4.1. Introduction 1314.1.1. The coastal zones 1314.1.2. Global change 1324.2. Coastal zones and global systemic and cumulative changes 1344.3. The impact of climate change on coastal zones 1364.3.1. Socio-economic and climate scenarios 1364.3.2. Impacts of climate change on coastal zones on different time scales 1384.3.3. The rise of the global mean sea level – observations and projections 1414.3.4. Other impacts of climate factors on coastal zones 1504.4. Impacts of cumulative global changes on coastal zones 1564.5. Vulnerabilities of humans and natural coastal systems 1574.6. The adaptation of coastal zones to environmental changes 1584.6.1. Options and strategies for adaptation 1584.6.2. Systems for analyzing institutional and government decisions 1624.6.3. Adaptation in practice 1634.6.4. The costs of adaptation 1654.7. Bibliography 168CHAPTER 5. THE SHORELINE BETWEEN NATURE AND SOCIETY, A CHANGING HERITAGE 173Alain MIOSSEC5.1. Introduction: the coastal “heritage”, a new concept 1735.2. Coastal dynamics 1765.2.1. The morphogenic coastal system 1765.2.2. Marine submersion 1815.3. Anthropogenic pressures: coastlines in the face of human pressures 1885.3.1. Demographic growth expresses the increasing attraction of coasts 1885.3.2. From resource use to competing human activities 1915.3.3. The modernization of fishing and its effects on the oceans 1915.3.4. The rise in coastal tourism and its effects on coastlines 1925.3.5. The sediment deficit and the growing demand for sediments with its effects on coastlines and the foreshore 1935.3.6. The globalization of trade and its effects on coastlines 1965.3.7 …as a transition 1985.4. Management models for the protection of coastlines 2005.4.1. The stages of the realization 2005.4.2. The implementation of the Coastal Zone Management Act in the United States 2015.4.3. The slow development of a centralized concept of coastal planning 2035.4.4. The emergence of a policy of integrated coastal management, from the global down to the local levels (and vice versa) 2055.5. Conclusion 2195.6. Bibliography 220CHAPTER 6. FROM VULNERABILITY TO ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: FOOD FOR THOUGHTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES  223Alexandre MAGNAN6.1. Introduction 2236.2. Around the concept of vulnerability 2256.2.1. The development of vulnerability concepts 2266.2.2. Hazard, place and vulnerability 2296.3. Toward a global and systematic approach to climate change vulnerability 2376.3.1. From vulnerability to general environmental changes 2376.3.2. The six broad factors affecting vulnerability 2416.4. From vulnerability to adaptation: theoretical framework 2486.4.1. The dynamic relationships between vulnerability and adaptation 2486.4.2. Adaptation, a three-dimensional concept (process, state and strategy) 2506.4.3. Thinking in terms of pathways toward adaptation 2526.5. The action framework: thinking of adaptation as being at the crossroads of anticipation and resilience 2536.5.1. Anticipating for adaptation 2546.5.2. Remaining or becoming resilient 2556.5.3. The overlap between anticipation and resilience 2566.6. Conclusion 2576.7. Bibliography 259CHAPTER 7. ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH TO VULNERABILITY AND MAJOR HAZARDS 263Yoann MOREAU7.1. General introduction 2637.2. Definitions: “environment and milieu” and “risk and danger” 2647.3. Ambrym 1913 2697.3.1. The point of view of the settlers 2707.3.2. The native point of view 2727.3.3. The assymetry of the interpretations 2747.3.4. What makes a catastrophe? 2767.4. Edo, 1855 2797.4.1. Destruction of governmental infrastructures and granaries 2807.4.2. Incooporating the rise of globalization 2847.4.3. Victims and profit-makers 2867.4.4. Tears and laughter 2877.4.5. Synthesis 2887.4.6. Conclusion: the fundamental ambivalence of catastrophes 2897.4.7. An analytical tool: the ideogram of a catastrophe 2947.4.8. Example 2957.5. Tsunami or tidal wave? 2977.6. Conclusion 3017.7. Bibliography 303LIST OF AUTHORS 307INDEX 309