Ecosystem Sustainability and Global Change

André Monaco is Emeritus Director of Research for the French national research center (CNRS). His research interests concern marine sedimentology and geochemistry. He was responsible for part of the organizing committee for several French and European programs and has been guest editor for four special issues in international journals.Patrick Prouzet is Director of Research focusing on the ecosystemic approach at Ifremer in France. He specializes in the biology and dynamics of anadromous fish such as Atlantic salmon and eels. He is the author or co-author of several works on these species or on estuary fishing.

• FOREWORD ixCHAPTER 1. OCEAN, BIODIVERSITY AND RESOURCES 1Gilles BOEUF1.1. The history of life in the oceans 11.2. Specifics of marine biodiversity 61.3. Renewable living resources 91.3.1. Fisheries 101.3.2. Aquaculture 121.4. Ocean and public health 211.5. Research of molecules of interest of marine origin 221.6. Research in marine models (regarding their originality and specificity) 241.7. Conclusion 301.8. Bibliography 32CHAPTER 2. PELAGIC MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 37Louis LEGENDRE2.1. Introduction 372.1.1. Ocean dynamics: surface and deep circulation 372.2. Marine pelagic ecosystems: from viruses to whales 422.2.1. Different points of view on marine pelagic ecosystems 422.2.2. Main types of planktonic marine ecosystems 432.3. Pelagic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles: inseparable 462.3.1. Dissolved inorganic nutrients 472.3.2. Dissolved gases 492.3.3. Particulate inorganic carbon 532.3.4. Dissolved organic carbon 562.3.5. Particulate organic carbon 602.4. The ocean in the rescue of the planet: carbon pumping and sequestration 662.4.1. Carbon pumps and carbon sequestration in the ocean 662.4.2. The four ocean carbon pumps 672.5. Biogeochemical equilibria, ecosystems and human societies: danger! 722.6. Bibliography 74CHAPTER 3. INDICATORS 77Marie-Joëlle ROCHET and Verena TRENKEL3.1. Introduction 773.2. Approach 793.2.1. Context: managing human activities in marine ecosystems 793.2.2. Why do we need indicators? 813.2.3. Formalizing an indicator framework 823.3. Selecting indicators 853.3.1. Matching indicators with objectives 853.3.2. Criteria 853.3.3. Selecting indicator suites 873.3.4. Indicator lists 883.3.5. Illustrations 883.4. From indicators to ecosystem assessment 903.4.1. Reference points, states and direction and management objectives 913.4.2. Using knowledge and data to define reference points 923.4.3. Reference points and indicator suites 943.4.4. Reference domains and reference directions 943.4.5. Integrated assessment 953.5. Giving advice 1003.6. Indicators in practice 1013.6.1. Monitoring program 1023.6.2. Calculation of indicators and their trends1053.7. A summary by way of conclusion 1063.8. Acknowledgments 1073.9. Bibliography 107CHAPTER 4. THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON THE DYNAMICS OF MARINE LIVING RESOURCES 113Philippe GROS and Patrick PROUZET4.1. Fisheries, aquaculture and food supply 1134.1.1. Introduction 1134.1.2. Overview of the world aquatic animal food supply 1144.1.3. A combination of diverse issues and contexts 1204.1.4. Climate change impacts on fishery resources 1324.2. From exploited populations ecology knowledge to fisheries management 1404.2.1. From observations to modeling hypothesis 1404.2.2. From the model to ecological concepts 1464.2.3. Three examples of “demographic strategies” 1484.2.4. Basic concepts for fishery management 1554.3. From concepts to reality: management and governance 1624.3.1. Representation of stock-fleet interactions – management objectives 1624.3.2. The dual overcapacity-overexploitation crisis: fisheries faced with the “tragedy of the commons” 1644.3.3. The convergence of sector-specific maritime and environmental politics 1694.3.4. The progressive emergence of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) 1724.4. From EAF to the systemic approach: working toward a better regulation for the usages of marine biodiversity 1744.4.1. Diadromous fish, under many combined forms of pressure 1744.4.2. In favor of a systems approach 1814.5. Appendix 1844.5.1. Stock assessment models: period 1950–1970 1844.5.2. Structured models of population dynamics 1904.6. Bibliography 194LIST OF AUTHORS 213INDEX 215