Governance of Seas and Oceans

Doctor of Science in marine sedimentology and geochemistry, André Monaco is also emeritus research director at the CNRS. He received the first prize of scientific culture of MEN in 1999. Research Director, Patrick Prouzet took care of the ecosystem approach to the scientific management of Ifremer. In the field of fisheries, he made amphihalin expertise on fish management internationally.

• Foreword xiChapter 1. Transformations in International Law of the Sea: Governance of the “Space” or “Resources”? 1Florence GALLETTI1.1. Introductory remarks 11.2. The importance of marine spaces in International Law of the sea 21.2.1. Definitions of International Law of the sea: a keystone of the governance of maritime spaces 21.2.2. Marine spaces considered by law: the interest of qualifying maritime zones 41.2.3. Development of legal control over certain marine spaces: a phenomenon both ancient and renewed 61.2.4. Maritime zones near and far from coasts: a distinction established between systems of sovereigntyand those of jurisdiction 91.3. Place accorded to resources located at sea in the International Law of the Sea 151.3.1. Separate treatment for non-living marine resources and fished living marine resources 151.3.2. Biological resources at the heart of the overlap between environmental law, biological diversity law, the Law of the Sea and fishing law 201.3.3. Indirect treatment of resources through ecosystem quality conservation policies 291.4. Conclusion 331.5. Bibliography 34Chapter 2. The Governance of the International Shipping Traffic by Maritime Law 39Cécile DE CET BERTIN and Arnaud MONTAS2.1. Introduction 392.1.1. Meaning and definition of maritime law 402.1.2. Fundamental principles of maritime law 402.1.3. General sources of maritime law 412.2. Legal instruments of governance: institutions and sources of maritime transport law 452.2.1. Development of international regulations 462.2.2. European maritime transport regulations 562.3. Legal results of governance: maritime contracts 612.3.1. Maritime chartering contracts 612.3.2. Maritime transport contracts 632.3.3. Maritime insurance 692.4. Bibliography 75Chapter 3. Marine Pollution: Introduction to International Law on Pollution Caused by Ships 77Véronique LABROT3.1. Introduction 773.2. Preventing pollution by ships 793.2.1. Spatial preconditions: acknowledgment of protected maritime zones 793.2.2. Safe routes: the organization of maritime traffic in question 833.2.3. Clean routes: design and management of the ships in question 863.3. Intervention in the event of accidents or risk of accidents 943.3.1. Preparedness via the OPRC convention 953.3.2. From the 1969 IMO convention on intervention to article 221 of UNCLOS 963.4. Reparations in the event of damage caused by pollution 983.4.1. The prioritizing of reparations for pollution by hydrocarbons 983.4.2. The IMO Civil Liability Convention and FIPOL 1992 1003.5. Bibliography 105Chapter 4. Management and Sustainable Exploitation of Marine Living Resources 107Annie CUDENNEC and Olivier CURTIL4.1. European policy on the sustainable exploitation of marine living resources 1074.1.1. The European Union and the sustainable exploitation of marine living resources: a long and complicated history 1084.1.2. Fundamental principles of common fisheries policy 1164.1.3. Definition of an economic framework for sustainable exploitation of marine biological resources 1264.2. French policy on sustainable exploitation of marine living resources 1344.2.1. Fundamental principles of French policy 1354.2.2. Instruments of French fishery policy 1484.3. Bibliography 157Chapter 5. Marine Renewable Energies: Main Legal Issues 159Nicolas BOILLET and Gaëlle GUEGUEN-HALLOUET5.1. Introduction 1595.2. French policy for the development of marine renewable energies: foundations and instruments 1625.2.1. The international and European foundations for the development of renewable energies 1625.2.2. The planned and scheduled development of MRE 1685.3. The gradual development of a legal framework for ocean renewable energy 1775.3.1. Access to the marine renewable energies market 1775.3.2. A legal framework that leads to many uncertainties 1925.4. Conclusion 1985.5. Bibliography 199Chapter 6. Socio-economic Evaluation of Marine Protected Areas 203Frédérique ALBAN, Jean BONCOEUR and Jean-Baptiste MARRE6.1. Introduction 2036.2. Methods 2076.2.1. Project analysis methods 2076.2.2. Methods for measuring non-market values 2126.2.3. Bioeconomic models 2176.3. Difficulties and adaptations 2216.3.1. Difficulties in measuring non-market values 2216.3.2. Difficulties in implementing operational bioeconomic models of MPAs 2246.4. Use of socio-economic evaluation of MPAs in practice 2276.5. Bibliography 230Chapter 7. Integrated Management of Seas and coastal areas in the Age of Globalization 235Yves HENOCQUE and Bernard KALAORA7.1. Introduction 2357.2. The context for integrated management practices 2367.2.1. From coastal heritage to the planet ocean 2367.2.2. A forward-thinking international impetus 2397.2.3. How do coastal and maritime areas lend themselves to the globalization game? 2417.2.4. The third forgotten path: common pool resources 2427.3. The ecosystem approach: dynamic interactions between societies and ecosystems 2457.4. Multi-dimensionality and expertise 2497.5. Linkage of scales and concepts 2527.6. Where do we stand on integrated management of the sea and coastal areas? 2547.6.1. Climate change, destitution and the increased vulnerability of ecosystems 2547.6.2. Persistent poverty and inequality in many parts of the world 2557.6.3. Increasing threat of insecurity 2567.6.4. Impacts of the global financial crisis 2567.6.5. Unfair trade of marine products, the absence of capabilities and effective structures for theredistribution of benefits 2577.7. Toward new challenges and new forms of governance 2587.7.1. National strategies for integrated management of the sea and coastal areas 2607.7.2. Implementation of the ecosystem approach for integrated management of areas beyond national jurisdictions 2687.7.3. Hurdles to overcome 2707.7.4. Size and limits of global expertise 2727.8. Conclusion 2737.9. Appendix: some proposals for global governance of seas and coastal areas 2757.9.1. Strategic requirements at national and local levels 2757.9.2. Strategic orientations at a regional level 2767.9.3. Strategic operations for areas outside of national jurisdiction 2767.10. Bibliography 277Chapter 8. Ocean Industry Leadership and Collaboration in Sustainable Development of the Seas 281Paul HOLTHUS8.1. Ocean industry sustainability: challenges and opportunities 2818.2. Status and trends in economic use of marine space and resources 2828.2.1. Shipping 2838.2.2. Offshore oil and gas 2848.2.3. Fisheries 2868.2.4. Aquaculture 2878.2.5. Offshore wind and ocean energy 2888.2.6. Marine, coastal and cruise tourism 2898.3. Catalyzing international ocean business leadership and collaboration 2908.4. Smart oceans–smart industries: industry leadership to build ocean knowledge 2928.5. Ocean industry leadership and collaboration for a sustainable ocean future 2958.6. Bibliography 295List of Authors 297Index 299