Nanotechnology for Sustainable Water Resources

Ajay Kumar Mishra is a full Professor at the Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit at College of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of South Africa. He received his MPhil and PhD degrees in 2003 and 2007 respectively from The University of Delhi, India. He is also working as an Adjunct Professor at Jiangsu University, China. His research interests include synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials, nanocomposites, biopolymers, smart materials, CNT and graphene-based composite materials and water research. He has authored more than 100 scientific journal articles and edited several books. C.M. Hussain is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor and Lab Director at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, USA.

• Preface xixPart I Nanotechnology for Natural Resources1 Application of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment, Wastewater Treatment and Other Domains of Environmental Engineering Science –A Broad Scientific Perspective and Critical Review 3SukanchanPalit1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Vision of the Study 51.3 The Need and the Rationale of the Study 61.4 The Scope of the Study 71.5 Environmental Sustainability, the Vision to Move Forward and the Immense Challenges 71.6 Water and Wastewater Treatment – The Scientific Doctrine and Immense Scientific Cognizance 71.6.1 Nanotechnology and Drinking Water Treatment 81.6.2 Nanotechnology and Industrial Wastewater Treatment 81.7 The Scientific Vision of Membrane Science 91.7.1 Classification of Membrane Separation Processes 91.7.2 A Review of Water Treatment Membrane Technologies 91.8 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Membrane Separation Processes 111.9 Recent Scientific Pursuit in the Field of Application of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 111.10 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 151.11 Desalination and the Future of Human Society 161.11.1 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Desalination Procedure 161.11.2 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Desalination Science 181.12 NanofiltrationTechnologies, the Future of Reverse Osmosis and the Scientific Vision of Global Water Issues 191.13 Recent Advances in Membrane Science and Technology in Seawater Desalination 191.14 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Forward Osmosis and Other Branches of Membrane Science 201.14.1 Scientific Motivation and Technological Objectives in the Field of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and the Innovative World of Forward Osmosis 211.15 Current and Potential Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment 221.15.1 Vision of Adsorption Techniques 221.15.2 Potential Application in Water Treatment 221.15.3 The Avenues of Membranes and Membrane Processes 231.15.4 The Science of Disinfection and Microbial Control 231.15.5 Potential Applications in Water Treatment 241.16 Water Treatment Membrane Technologies 241.17 Non-Traditional Advanced Oxidation Techniques and its Wide Vision 251.17.1 Ozonation Technique and its Broad Application in Environmental Engineering Science 251.17.2 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Ozonation Technique 261.18 Scientific Cognizance, Scientific Vision and the Future Avenues of Nanotechnology 261.18.1 The True Challenge and Vision of Industrial Wastewater Treatment 261.19 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Non-Traditional Environmental Engineering Techniques and its Vision for the Future 271.19.1 Scientific Research Endeavour in the Field of Advanced Oxidation Processes 271.20 Environmental Sustainability, the Futuristic Technologies and the Wide Vision of Nanotechnology 301.20.1 Vision of Science, Avenues of Nanotechnology and the Future of Industrial Pollution Control 301.20.2 Technological Validation, the Science of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and the Vision Towards Future 311.21 Integrated Water Quality Management System and Global Water Issues 311.21.1 Groundwater Remediation and Global Water Initiatives 311.21.2 Arsenic Groundwater Remediation, the Future of Environmental Engineering Science and the Vision for the Future 321.21.3 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in the Field of Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 321.21.4 Vision of Application of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Tackling Global Groundwater Quality Issues 331.21.5 Heavy Metal Groundwater Contamination and Solutions 331.21.6 Arsenic Groundwater Contamination and Vision for the Future 341.22 Integrated Groundwater Quality Management System and the Vision for the Future 341.23 Membrane Science and Wastewater Reclamation 341.24 Future of Groundwater Heavy Metal Remediation and Application of Nanotechnology 351.25 Future Research and Development Initiatives in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications in Wastewater Treatment 361.26 Futuristic Vision, the World of Scientific Validation and the Scientific Avenues for the Future 361.27 Future Research and Development Needs 371.28 Conclusions 37References 372 Nanotechnology Solutions for Public Water Challenges 41Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar2.1 Introduction 422.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment 442.2.1 Photocatalysis 452.2.2 Nanofiltration 492.2.3 Nanosorbents 532.3 Effects of Nanotechnology 572.4 Conclusions 58Acknowledgements 59References 593 Nanotechnology: An Emerging Field for Sustainable Water Resources 73Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika3.1 Introduction 733.2 Classification of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 743.2.1 Nanoadsorbents 743.2.2 Nanocatalysts 753.2.3 Nanomembranes 753.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 773.3.1 Conventional Approach for the Production of NPs 773.3.2 Precipitation of Nanoparticles 773.3.3 Nanoparticles from Emulsions 773.3.4 Green Approach for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 783.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 783.4.1 Nanoadsorbents 783.4.2 Nanocatalysts 813.4.3 Nanomembranes 863.4.4 Miscellaneous Nanomaterials 883.5 Risk of Nanotechnology 893.6 Conclusions 89References 904 Removal of Hazardous Contaminants from Water or Wastewater Using Polymer Nanocomposites Materials 103Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Suryadi Ismadji, Kuncoro Foe and Gladdy L. Woworuntu4.1 Introduction 1034.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 1044.3 Adsorption of Dyes 1064.4 Adsorption of Antibiotics and Other Organic Contaminants 1114.5 Processing of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents 1134.5.1 Exfoliation Adsorption 1134.5.2 Melt Intercalation 1144.5.3 Template Synthesis 1154.5.4 In-Situ Polymerization 1154.6 Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites 1164.7 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites 1194.8 Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites 1194.9 Adsorption Equilibrium Studies 1204.9.1 Langmuir Isotherm 1204.9.2 Freundlich Isotherm 1264.9.3 Dubinin Radushkevich 1264.9.4 Temkin Adsorption Equation 1284.9.5 Sips Isotherm Equation 1294.9.6 Toth Adsorption Equation 1304.10 Adsorption Kinetic Studies 1304.11 Summary 132Acknowledgment 133References 1335 Sustainable Nanocarbons as Potential Sensor for Safe Water 141Kumud Malika Tripathi, Anupriya Singh, Yusik Myung, TaeYoung Kim, and Sumit Kumar Sonkar5.1 Introduction 1415.2 Recent Advancement in Sustainable Nanocarbons 1445.3 Sustainable Nanocarbons for Safe Water 1495.3.1 Sensing of Toxic Metal Ions 1505.3.2 Sensing of Inorganic Pollutants 1565.3.3 Sensing of Organic Pollutants 1615.3.4 Sensing of Nanomaterials 1655.3.5 Sensing of Byproducts 1665.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Trend 166Acknowledgment 167References 167Part 2 Nanosensors as Tools for Water Resources6 Nanosensors as Tools for Water Resources 179Ephraim Vunain and A. K. Mishra6.1 Introduction 1806.1.1 Water Resources Contamination Due to Heavy Metals 1816.1.2 Water Resources Contamination Due to Nutrients 1826.2 Contaminant Monitoring Procedures 1836.2.1 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 1846.2.2 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based Sensors 1886.2.3 Biosensors 1896.2.4 Nanoparticles- and Nanocomposites-Based Sensors 1896.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 190References 1917 Emerging Nanosensing Strategies for Heavy Metal Detection 199S. Varun and S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel7.1 Introduction 1997.2 Recent Trends in Nanosensing Strategies: An Overview 2017.2.1 Nanosensors Based on Biosensing Principle 2017.2.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Electrodes 2087.2.3 Interference Sensing: A New Paradigm 2137.3 Microfluidic Nanotechnology: Emerging Platform for Sensing 2147.3.1 Microfluidic Sensors 2147.3.2 Paper-Based Microfluidic Sensors 2147.4 Summary and Outlook 220Acknowledgement 220References 2208 Capture of Water Contaminants by a New Generation of Sorbents Based on Graphene and Related Materials 227Ana L. Cukierman and Pablo R. Bonelli8.1 Introduction 2288.2 Characterization of Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Magnetic Properties of Graphene-Based Materials 2298.3 Removal of Inorganic and Water-Soluble Organic Contaminants with Graphene-Based Sorbents 2318.3.1 Removal of Inorganic Contaminants: Heavy Metal and Nonmetal Ions 2328.3.2 Removal of Water-Soluble Organic Contaminants: Dyes and Pharmaceuticals 2418.4 Cleanup of Oil Spills and Other Water-Insoluble Organic Contaminants 2558.5 Summary and Outlook 267Acknowledgment 268References 2699 Design and Analysis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Removal of Environmental Contaminants 277Yoshitaka Fujimoto9.1 Introduction 2779.2 Methodology 2789.2.1 First Principles Total Energy Calculation 2789.2.2 Formation Energy 2799.2.3 Adsorption Energy 2809.2.4 Charge Density Difference 2809.2.5 Work Function 2809.2.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Image 2809.2.7 Computational Details 2819.3 Substitutionally Doped Graphene Bilayer 2819.3.1 Structure 2819.3.2 Energetics 2829.3.3 Energy Band Structure 2849.3.4 Work Function 2859.3.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Image 2859.4 Gas Adsorption Effect 2879.4.1 Structure and Energetics 2879.4.2 Energy-Band Structures and Electron States 2899.4.3 Total Charge Density 2919.4.4 Work Function 2939.4.5 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Image 2949.5 Conclusions 295Acknowledgment 295References 29610 Nanosensors: From Chemical to Green Synthesis for Wastewater Remediation 301Priyanka Joshi and Dinesh Kumar10.1 Introduction 30210.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 30310.2.1 Physical Methods 30310.2.2 Chemical Method 30510.3 Biological Methods 30910.3.1 Biomolecule 30910.3.2 Microorganism 31010.3.3 Plant Materials 31110.4 Application of Nanoparticles 31110.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 315Acknowledgment 316References 31611 As-Prepared Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification: Pollutant Removal and Magnetic Separation 329Jie Ma, Yao Ma and Fei Yu11.1 Introduction 33011.2 Experimental Method 33111.2.1 Materials 33111.2.2 Preparation of Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 33111.2.3 Batch Adsorption Experiments 33311.2.4 Characterization Method 33511.3 Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution by NaClO-Modified Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 33611.3.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 33611.3.2 Adsorption Properties 34011.4 Removal of Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene from Aqueous Solution by KOH-Activated Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 34311.4.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 34311.4.2 Adsorption Properties 34811.5 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution by Chitason-Grafted Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 35811.5.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 35811.5.2 Adsorption Properties 35911.6 Summary and Outlook 367Reference 36712 Nanoadsorbents: An Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment 371Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar12.1 Introduction 37212.2 Classification of Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 37512.3 Importance of Nanomaterials in the Preconcentration Process 37612.4 Properties and Mechanisms of Nanomaterials as Adsorbents 37712.4.1 Innate Surface Properties 37712.4.2 External Functionalization 37812.5 Nanoparticles for Water and Wastewater Remediation 37912.5.1 Nanoparticles of Metal Oxide 37912.5.2 Metallic Nanoparticles 38012.5.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 38112.5.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 38212.5.5 Silicon Nanomaterials 38312.5.6 Nanofibers (NFs) 38412.6 Applications in Aqueous Media 38412.6.1 Nanoparticles 38512.6.2 Nanostructured Mixed Oxides 38712.6.3 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 38812.6.4 Silicon Nanomaterials 38912.6.5 Nanofibers (NFs) 39112.7 Conclusions 39112.8 Future Scenario 392Acknowledgment 393References 393Part 3 Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Resources13 Hybrid Clay Mineral for Anionic Dye Removal and Textile Effluent Treatment 409Fadhila Ayari13.1 Introduction 41013.2 Experimental 41113.2.1 Clay Adsorbent 41113.3 Result and Discussion 41313.3.1 Characterizations of Collected Clay 41313.3.2 Characterizations of Hybrid Material 42013.3.3 Adsorption Studies 43613.3.4 Application to Natural Effluent 45113.4 Conclusions 452References 45614 Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Resources 461Pashupati Pokharel and Mahesh Joshi14.1 Current Progress in Nanotechnologies for Water Resources and Wastewater Treatment Processes 46214.2 Nanomaterials in Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Treatment Process 46414.3 Biochar-Based Nanocomposites for the Purification of Water Resources and Wastewater 46714.3.1 Surface Chemistry and Functionalization of Biochar Material 46814.3.2 Pretreatment of Biomass Using Iron/Ion Oxide, Nanometal Oxide/Hydroxide, and Functional Nanoparticles 46814.3.3 Post-Treatment of Biochar Using Iron Ion/Oxide, Functional Nanoparticles, Nanometal Oxide/Hydroxide 47014.3.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 47014.3.5 Interaction of Biochar-Based Nanocomposites with Organic Contaminants 47114.3.6 Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants Other than Heavy Metals 47214.3.7 Adsorption and Instantaneous Degradation of Organic Contaminants 47214.4 Conclusions 473References 47315 Recent Advances in Nanofiltration Membrane Techniques for Separation of Toxic Metals from Wastewater 477Akil Ahmad, David Lokhat, Yang Wang, Mohd Rafatullah15.1 Introduction 47815.2 Membrane Technology 48015.3 Nanofiltration Membrane for Metal Removal/Rejection 48315.4 Summary and Outlook 492Acknowledgment 493References 49316 Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers for Efficient Removal of Hg2+ from Aqueous Solutions 501Emel Tamahkar, Deniz Turkmen, Semra Akgonullu, Tahira Qureshi and Adil Denizli16.1 Introduction 50216.2 Experimental Method 50816.2.1 Materials 50816.2.2 Production of BC Nanofibers 50816.2.3 Preparation of Cibacron Blue F3GA Attached-Bacterial Cellulose (BC–CB) Nanofibers 50816.2.4 Characterization Studies 50916.2.5 Batch Adsorption Studies 50916.2.6 Competitive Adsorption Studies 51016.2.7 Desorption and Reusability Studies 51016.3 Results and Discussion 51116.3.1 Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers 51116.3.2 Effect of pH 51216.3.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Hg2+ 51216.3.4 Competitive Adsorption 51516.3.5 Regeneration of BC–CB Nanofibers 51516.4 Conclusions 516References 518Part 4 Sustainable Future with Nanotechnology17 Nanotechnology Based Separation Systems for Sustainable Water Resources 525Susmita Dey Sadhu, Meenakshi Garg and Prem Lata Meena17.1 Introduction and Background 52617.2 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 53017.3 Nanofiltration—A Membranous Technique 53317.3.1 What is Filtration? 53317.3.2 Membrane Filtration Technology 53317.3.3 Nanofiltration 53417.3.4 Role of Nanofiltration 53517.3.5 Different Polymers and Their Membranes in Nanofiltration 53617.4 Nanoadsorbents 53917.4.1 Types of Adsorbents 53917.4.2 Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater 54017.4.3 Organic Waste Removal 54117.5 Nanoparticles 54717.5.1 Dendrimer 54817.5.2 Metals and Their Oxides 54917.5.3 Zeolites 55017.5.4 Carbaneous and Carbon Nanotubes 55117.6 Recent Researches in Nanoseparation Techniques of Wastewater 55217.6.1 Graphene from Sugar and its Application in Water Purification 55217.6.2 Understanding the Degradation Pathway of the Pesticide, Chlorpyrifos by Noble Metal Nanoparticles 55217.6.3 Measuring and Modelling Adsorption of PAHs to Carbon Nanotubes Over a Six Order of Magnitude Wide Concentration Range 55317.6.4 “SOS Water” Mobile Water Purifier 55317.6.5 An Electrochemical Carbon Nanotube Filter for Water Treatment Applications 55417.6.6 High Speed Water Sterilization System for Developing Countries 55417.6.7 Metal Nanoparticles on Hierarchical Carbon Structures: New Architecture for Robust Water Purifiers 55417.7 Conclusions 555References 555Index 559