ELSI Handbook of Nanotechnology

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology & advanced materials in environment, analytical chemistry and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xv1 Nanomaterials and the Environment 1Shivani Rastogi, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 11.1.2 Overview of Environmental Health 41.1.2.1 Use of NMs in Environmental Health (Nanoremediation) 41.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Environment 61.2.1 Nanomaterials for Detection of Environmental Contaminants 61.2.2 Nanomaterials for Air Purification 91.2.3 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 101.2.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 111.2.5 Nanomaterials for Degradation of Land Waste 121.3 Limitations of Environmental Nanomaterials 131.3.1 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 131.3.2 Toxic Effect on Environmental Health 141.3.3 Effect of Toxicity on Human Health 151.4 Future Scope of Environmental Nanomaterials 171.4.1 In Wastewater and Land Waste Treatment 171.4.2 In Biomedicine and Air Purification 171.4.3 In Electronics and IT Applications 181.5 Conclusion 18References 192 Highly Efficient Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Application 25A.E. Burakov, I.V. Burakova, E.V. Galunin, E.S. Mkrtchyan and A.V. Melezhik2.1 Features of the Organic Pollutants Adsorption 252.1.1 Introduction 252.1.2 Types of Organic Pollutants 262.1.3 Methods for Removing Organic Pollutants 272.1.4 Materials to Extract Organic Pollutants 282.2 Adsorption Materials – Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 372.2.1 Synthesis of the Sorption Materials 372.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Sorption Materials 382.3 Determining the Adsorption Activity 412.3.1 Kinetic Studies under Static Conditions 412.3.2 Kinetic Studies under Dynamic Conditions 412.3.3 Mathematical Processing of Experimental Data 422.4 Conclusion 44Acknowledgment 44References 443 A Concise Account of the Studies Conducted on the Transport, Fate, Transformation and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials 51Sauvik Raha and Md. Ahmaruzzam3.1 Introduction 523.2 Transport of Engineered Nanomaterials 523.2.1 Transport in Air 523.2.2 Transport in Water 533.2.3 Transport in Terrestrial Compartment 543.3 Fate and Transformation of Engineered Nanomaterials 553.3.1 Fate and Transformation in Air 553.3.2 Fate and Transformation in Terrestrial and Aquatic Compartments 563.4 Toxicity 573.4.1 Toxicity in Aquatic Biomes 573.4.2 Toxicity in Terrestrial Biomes 583.5 Existing Challenges 583.6 Conclusion 59References 594 Nanotechnologies and Advanced Smart Materials: The Case of Architecture and Civil Engineering 67Paolo Di Sia4.1 Introduction 674.2 Management of Complexity 694.3 Advanced Materials: Definitions, Characteristics, Properties 714.4 Classification Criteria: High Performance and Smart Materials 734.5 Innovations in the Nanotechnology Field for Building Materials 764.6 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Architecture 794.7 Nanostructured Cementitious Materials: High Performance and Ecoefficiency 814.8 Conclusions 84References 855 Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing 89Asmaa Nady Mohammed5.1 Introduction 895.2 Manufacturing of Nanomaterials 905.3 Nanomaterials and Their Entry into the Environment 915.4 How is the Environment Subjected to Nanomaterials? 915.5 Implications of Nanomaterials in the Environment 925.6 Potential Health Risks and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 925.7 Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Graphene-Based Materials In Vivo 935.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Particles 935.9 Interaction between Two-Dimension (2D) Nanomaterials and the Environment 935.10 Positive Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 945.11 Negative Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 945.12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 945.13 Four Phases of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 955.14 Environmental Nanomaterials (ENMs) Life Cycle 975.15 Application of LCA to Nanomaterials 975.16 Conclusions 98References 986 Addressing Nanotoxicity: Green Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Future 103Dipyaman Mohanta and Md. Ahmaruzzaman6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Nanotoxicity: A Multifaceted Challenge 1046.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials Influencing Nanotoxicity 1056.4 Green Nanotechnology: A Proactive Approach to Minimize Nanotoxicity 1066.4.1 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 1076.4.2 Surface Coating of Nanomaterials to Minimize Biological Interaction 1076.4.3 Sulfidation of Metal Nanoparticles 1086.5 Conclusion 108Acknowledgment 109References 1097 Nanotechnology: Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles and Legalization Challenges 113Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi, Elaheh Afsaneh and Hedayatolah Ghourchian7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Hazard and Toxicology of Nanoparticles 1157.2.1 Size 1157.2.2 Shape 1167.2.3 Specific Surface Area 1167.2.4 Aggregation/Agglomeration 1167.2.5 Crystallinity 1167.2.6 Chemical Composition 1177.2.7 Surface Charge and Modification 1177.3 Nanoparticle Absorption 1177.3.1 Dermal Absorption 1177.3.2 Pulmonary Absorption 1187.3.3 Eye Absorption 1197.4 Instruments and Methods for Detection of Nanoparticles 1197.4.1 Direct Methods 1207.4.1.1 Optical Particle Sizer (OPS) 1207.4.1.2 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 1207.4.1.3 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) 1207.4.1.4 Size-Selective Static Sampler 1207.4.1.5 Diffusion Charger (DC) 1207.4.1.6 Electrostatic Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) 1217.4.1.7 Electron Microscopy 1217.4.2 Indirect Methods 1217.5 Hazard Assessment of Nanoparticles 1217.6 Risk Assessment and Management of Nanoparticles 1227.7 Hazard Control 1247.8 Federal Regulatory Compliance 1287.8.1 OSHA 1287.8.2 EPA 1297.8.3 REACH 1297.8.4 NIOSH 1307.9 Summary 130References 1308 Bringing Awareness to the Darker Side of Nanoparticles 135Paramita Karfa, Kartick Chandra Majhi and Rashmi Madhuri8.1 What is Nano-Sized Particle or Nanoparticle? 1368.1.1 Classification and Wide Applications of Nanoparticles 1378.1.1.1 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Origin 1388.1.1.2 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Dimension 1388.1.1.3 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Composition 1398.1.1.4 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Size/Shape/Morphology 1398.1.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1408.1.3 The Other Side of the Coin: Darker Side of Nanoparticles 1418.1.3.1 Size of the Nanoparticle 1438.1.3.2 Morphology of the Nanoparticle 1438.1.3.3 Composition of the Nanoparticle 1448.1.3.4 Surface Charge of the Nanoparticle 1448.2 Interaction of Nanoparticle with Living System: Its Effects and Mechanism 1448.2.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Oxidative Stress 1458.2.2 Inflammation in the Exposed Body Part 1458.2.3 Genotoxicity 1468.2.4 Probable Mechanism for Toxicity of Nanoparticle 1478.3 Toxicological Study of Different Nanoparticles 1488.3.1 Effect of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 1488.3.2 Effect of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 1508.3.3 Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 1538.3.4 Effect of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 1548.4 Future Aspect 157Acknowledgment 158References 1589 Mode of Transfer, Toxicity and Negative Impacts of Engineered Nanoparticles on Environment, Human and Animal Health 165Duraiarasan Surendhiran, Haiying Cui and Lin Lin9.1 Introduction 1659.2 Different Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) and Their Commercial Uses 1669.3 Exposure of ENPs to the Environment 1679.3.1 Exposure of ENPs to Air 1729.3.2 Exposure of ENPs to Soil 1739.3.3 Exposure of ENPs to Water 1749.4 Hazards and Nanotoxicity of ENPs on Soil Communities 1759.4.1 Microorganisms 1759.4.2 Earthworms 1809.4.3 Plants 1819.5 Health Effects on Humans and Animals 1879.5.1 Dermal 1879.5.2 Inhalation 1889.5.3 Ingestion 1909.6 Detection of Nanotoxicity and Its Challenges 1929.7 Conclusion and Future Needs 194References 19410 The Impact of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 205Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C Madzokere, Nyembezi Mgochekim and Thato M Masilompane10.1 Introduction 20510.2 Sources of Nanomaterials 20710.2.1 Engineered and Non-Engineered Nanomaterials 20710.2.2 Carbon- and Metal-Based Nanomaterials –Synthesis and Applications 20810.3 Transport and Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials 20910.4 The Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 21010.4.1 Toxicity in Plants 21110.4.2 Toxicity in Animals 21210.4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of Nanotoxicity 21310.4.4 Toxicity Mechanisms 21510.5 Future Research Directions 21610.6 Conclusion 217References 21711 Nanotechnology in the Dairy Industry: Benefits and Risks 223I.T. Smykov11.1 Introduction 22311.2 Associated Colloids (Micelles) 22711.3 Nanoemulsions 22711.4 Nanoparticles 22811.5 Biopolymers 22911.6 Nanofibers 22911.7 Nanocapsules 23011.8 Nanotubes 23011.9 Nanofilter and Nanofiltration 23111.10 Food Packaging 23211.10.1 Nanosensors 23311.10.2 Nano-Coatings 23411.11 Toxicity and Risks 23411.12 Part 1: Dairy Production Using Natural Nanoparticles 23811.12.1 Casein Micelles 23811.12.2 Milk Fat Globule 24011.13 Part 2: The Use of Nanoparticles of Abiotic Origin for Dairy Production 25011.13.1 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles 25011.13.2 Silver Nanoparticles 25311.13.3 Radiation Technologies in the Food Industry 25611.14 Part 3: Toxicity and Risks Related to Nanotechnology 25811.14.1 Block Morphometric Risks 26211.14.2 Block Physicochemical Risks 26311.14.3 Block Molecular Biological Risks 26411.14.4 Block Cytological Risks 26411.14.5 Block Physiological Risks 26411.14.6 Block Environmental Risks 26511.14.7 Block Risk Analysis 266Acknowledgment 267References 26712 A Survey of Nanotechnology for Rocket Propulsion: Promises and Challenges 277Luigi T. DeLucaGlossary 27712.1 Background 28012.2 Introduction to Nanoenergetic Materials 28112.2.1 Historical Excursus and Chemical Energy 28112.2.2 Ultrafine vs. Nano-Sized Particles 28112.2.3 Scope of Energetic Applications 28212.2.4 A Word of Caution 28212.3 Objectives and Contents 28212.3.1 Reading Map 28412.3.2 First Generation vs. Advanced nEM 28512.4 nMe Production and Active Al Content 28512.4.1 Active Al Content 28612.4.2 Comments on Active Al Content 28612.5 Particle Passivation and Coating 28612.5.1 Native Al2O3 Thickness 28812.5.2 Particle Passivation 28812.5.3 Particle Coating 29012.5.4 Comments on Particle Passivation and Coating 29212.6 Chemical and Mechanical Activation 29212.6.1 Roadmap on Chemical Activation 29312.6.2 Roadmap on Chemical Self-Activation 29312.6.3 Roadmap on Mechanical Activation 29412.6.4 Comments on Chemical and Mechanical Activation 29612.7 Rheology and Mechanical Properties 29612.7.1 Roadmap on Rheology and Mechanical Properties 29612.7.2 Comments on Rheology and Mechanical Properties 30012.8 CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 30012.8.1 Roadmap on CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 30112.8.2 Comments on CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 30412.9 Augmented Steady Ballistic Properties 30412.10 Effects of nAl on Unsteady Burning and Ignition 30712.10.1 Unsteady Propellant Burning 30712.10.2 Ignition of Energetic Particles and Formulations 30812.11 Safety of Energetic Particles and Formulations 30912.11.1 nMe and Metalized Energetic Formulations 30912.11.2 AP/HTPB-Based Solid Propellants 31012.11.3 Advanced Compositions 31112.11.4 ESD Hazards 31212.11.5 Comments on Safety 31412.12 Aging of Energetic Particles and Formulations 31512.12.1 Background on Aging 31512.12.2 nMe 31512.12.3 Solid Propellants 31812.12.4 Comments on Aging 31912.13 Concluding Remarks 319Acknowledgments 321References 32113 Toxicity and Regulatory Concerns for Nanoformulations in Medicine 333Nimisha Gaur, Navneet Sharma, Aditya Dahiya, Pooja Yadav, Himanshu Ojha, Ramesh K Goyal and Rakesh Kumar Sharma13.1 Introduction 33413.2 Definition of Nanomedicine – Crucial for Regulation 33413.3 Epidemiological Studies on the Health Hazard 33613.4 Deposition of Particles in the Organism 33613.5 Occupational Safety in Medical Facilities 33813.6 Studies on Biological Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles 34013.7 Studies on Biological Effects of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 34013.8 Studies on Biological Effects of SiO2 Particles 34013.9 Effect of Nanoparticles at the Cellular and Molecular Level 34113.10 Toxicity of Dendrimers 34213.11 Toxicity of Quantum Dots 34313.12 Environmental Issues 34313.12.1 Handling Solid Waste 34413.12.2 Wastewater Treatment 34413.12.3 Combustion 34513.13 Regulatory Measures 34513.13.1 Medicines or Medical Devices 34513.13.2 Register and Labeling 34613.13.3 Better Work Safety 34613.13.4 Nanowaste 34713.13.5 Future Directions Required for Developing Regulations 34713.14 Conclusions 349References 35014 A Way to Create Sustainable Environment: Green Nanotechnology –With an Emphasis on Noble Metals 359Sirajunnisa Abdul Razack and Surendhiran Duraiarasan14.1 Introduction 36014.2 Nanoparticles 36014.2.1 Properties of Nanoparticles 36114.2.1.1 Electronic and Optical Properties 36214.2.1.2 Mechanical Properties 36214.2.1.3 Thermal Properties 36314.2.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 36414.3 Fabrication 36614.3.1 Chemical Synthesis 36714.3.2 Biological Synthesis 37014.3.2.1 Silver 37114.3.2.2 Gold 37914.3.2.3 Platinum 39114.3.2.4 Platinum Group Metals 39414.4 Applications of Noble NPs 39614.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 39614.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 40214.4.3 Platinum and Platinum Group Metals 40414.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 405References 40615 Modern Development with Green Polymer Nanocomposites: An Overview 427Pratibha Singh, Chandra Shekhar Kushwaha and S.K. Shukla15.1 Introduction 42715.2 Classification 42815.2.1 Natural Polymer 42915.2.1.1 Cellulose 42915.2.1.2 Chitin 43015.2.1.3 Chitosan 43115.2.2 Synthetic Green Polymer 43115.2.2.1 PLA 43115.2.2.2 PVA 43215.3 Methods of Preparation 43215.4 Properties 43315.4.1 Biological Properties 43315.4.1.1 Biocompatibility 43315.4.1.2 Biodegradation 43415.4.1.3 Antimicrobial 43415.4.2 Physical Properties 43515.4.2.1 Mechanical Properties 43515.4.2.2 Magnetic Properties 43515.5 Applications of Green Polymer Nanocomposite 43715.5.1 Food Packaging 43715.5.2 Biomedical 43815.5.2.1 Biosensor 43815.5.2.2 Tissue Engineering 44115.5.2.3 Drug Delivery 44315.5.2.4 Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 44415.5.3 Water Treatment 44515.5.4 Crop Protection 44515.5.5 Electronic Devices 44715.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 448Acknowledgments 448References 448Index 459