Introduction to Aerospace Engineering with a Flight Test Perspective

Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

Av Stephen Corda, Belgium) Corda, Stephen (University of Maryland, USA; Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Peter Belobaba

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Comprehensive textbook which introduces the fundamentals of aerospace engineering with a flight test perspectiveIntroduction to Aerospace Engineering with a Flight Test Perspective is an introductory level text in aerospace engineering with a unique flight test perspective. Flight test, where dreams of aircraft and space vehicles actually take to the sky, is the bottom line in the application of aerospace engineering theories and principles. Designing and flying the real machines are often the reasons that these theories and principles were developed. This book provides a solid foundation in many of the fundamentals of aerospace engineering, while illuminating many aspects of real-world flight. Fundamental aerospace engineering subjects that are covered include aerodynamics, propulsion, performance, and stability and control.Key features: Covers aerodynamics, propulsion, performance, and stability and control.Includes self-contained sections on ground and flight test techniques.Includes worked example problems and homework problems.Suitable for introductory courses on Aerospace Engineering.Excellent resource for courses on flight testing.Introduction to Aerospace Engineering with a Flight Test Perspective is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in aerospace engineering, as well as practitioners in industry. It is an exciting and illuminating read for the aviation enthusiast seeking deeper understanding of flying machines and flight test.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2017-03-03
Mått180 x 259 x 48 mm
Vikt1 678 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
SerieAerospace Series
Antal sidor928
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781118953365

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Stephen Corda has BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Maryland and an Aeronautics Diploma from the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Belgium. The material for this textbook is derived from the author’s 30 years of experience as an aerospace engineer, flight test engineer, flight research pilot, and educator at the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, the U.S. Naval Academy, the University of Tennessee Space Institute, and Virgin Galactic-The Spaceship Company. He is currently an aerospace engineering consultant, living in California.

About the Author xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xixAbout the Companion website xxi1 First Flights 11.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Organization of the Book 31.1.2 FTT: Your Familiarization Flight 41.2 Aircraft 121.2.1 Classification of Aircraft 121.2.2 The Airplane 131.2.3 Rotorcraft: the Helicopter 261.2.4 Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft: Balloon and Airship 351.2.5 The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 431.3 Spacecraft 451.3.1 Classification of Spacecraft 461.3.2 Parts of a Spacecraft 521.3.3 Unmanned Spacecraft 571.3.4 Manned Spacecraft 691.3.5 Space Access Systems and Vehicles 77References 962 Introductory Concepts 982.1 Introduction 982.2 Introductory Mathematical Concepts 992.2.1 Units and Unit Systems 992.2.2 Measurement and Numerical Uncertainty 1072.2.3 Scalars and Vectors 1132.3 Introductory Aerospace Engineering Concepts 1142.3.1 Aircraft Body Axes 1152.3.2 Angle-of-Attack and Angle-of-Sideslip 1162.3.3 Aircraft Stability Axes 1182.3.4 Aircraft Location Numbering System 1192.3.5 The Free-Body Diagram and the Four Forces 1202.3.6 FTT: the Trim Shot 1252.3.7 Mach Number and the Regimes of Flight 1292.3.8 The Flight Envelope 1322.3.9 The V-n Diagram 1442.3.10 Aircraft Weight and Balance 1502.3.11 Aerospace Vehicle Designations and Naming 1572.4 Introductory Flight Test Concepts 1612.4.1 What is a Flight Test? 1612.4.2 The Flight Test Process 1652.4.3 Flight Test Techniques 1692.4.4 Roles of Test Pilot, Flight Test Engineer, and Flight Test Analyst 1732.4.5 Flight Test Safety and Risk Assessment 174References 177Problems 1783 Aerodynamics 1813.1 Introduction 1823.2 Fundamental Physical Properties of a Fluid 1833.2.1 The Fluid Element 1833.2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 1843.2.3 Kinematic Properties of a Flow 1863.2.4 Streamlines, Pathlines, and Flow Visualization 1873.2.5 FTT: In-Flight Flow Visualization 1883.2.6 Transport Properties of a Fluid 1923.3 Types of Aerodynamic Flows 1953.3.1 Continuum and Non-Continuum Flows 1953.3.2 Steady and Unsteady Flows 1963.3.3 Incompressible and Compressible Flows 1973.3.4 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 1983.4 Similarity Parameters 2013.4.1 Mach Number 2023.4.2 Reynolds Number 2033.4.3 Pressure Coefficient 2053.4.4 Force and Moment Coefficients 2053.4.5 Ratio of Specific Heats 2063.4.6 Prandtl Number 2063.4.7 Other Similarity Parameters 2063.4.8 Summary of Similarity Parameters 2123.5 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics 2133.5.1 Thermodynamic System and State 2133.5.2 Connecting the Thermodynamic State: The Equation of State 2153.5.3 Additional Thermodynamic Properties: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy 2233.5.4 Work and Heat 2243.5.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics 2293.5.6 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 2323.5.7 Isentropic Flow 2363.6 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Motion 2393.6.1 Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation 2393.6.2 Newton’s Second Law: The Momentum Equation 2413.6.3 Conservation of Energy: The Energy Equation 2463.6.4 Summary of the Governing Equations of Fluid Flow 2473.7 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 2483.7.1 Lift 2513.7.2 Drag 2583.7.3 GTT: Drag Cleanup 2693.7.4 GTT: Wind Tunnel Testing 2703.7.5 GTT: Computational Fluid Dynamics 2863.7.6 FTT: Lift and Drag in Steady, Gliding Flight 2923.8 Two-Dimensional Lifting Shapes: Airfoils 2983.8.1 Airfoil Construction and Nomenclature 3033.8.2 Airfoil Numbering Systems 3053.8.3 Airfoil Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment 3073.8.4 Pressure Coefficient 3083.8.5 Airfoil Lift, Drag, and Moment Curves 3103.8.6 Data for Selected Symmetric and Cambered Airfoils 3153.8.7 Comparison of Symmetric and Cambered Airfoils 3223.9 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamics: Wings 3253.9.1 Finite Wings 3253.9.2 Lift and Drag Curves of Finite Wings 3383.9.3 High-Lift Devices 3413.9.4 FTT: Aeromodeling 3473.9.5 Wings in Ground Effect 3543.10 Compressible, Subsonic and Transonic Flows 3593.10.1 The Speed of Sound 3603.10.2 The Critical Mach Number and Drag Divergence 3633.10.3 Compressibility Corrections 3653.10.4 The "Sound Barrier" 3703.10.5 Breaking the Sound Barrier: the Bell X-1 and the Miles M. 52 3713.11 Supersonic Flow 3773.11.1 Isentropic Flow Relations 3783.11.2 Shock and Expansion Waves 3813.11.3 FTT: Visualizing Shock waves in Flight 3873.11.4 Sonic Boom 3913.11.5 Lift and Drag of Supersonic Airfoils 3963.11.6 Supercritical Airfoils 3993.11.7 Wings for Supersonic Flight 4013.11.8 Transonic and Supersonic Area Rule 4173.11.9 Internal Supersonic Flows 4223.12 Viscous Flow 4293.12.1 Skin Friction and Shearing Stress 4303.12.2 Boundary Layers 4313.12.3 Skin Friction Drag 4403.12.4 Aerodynamic Stall and Departure 4443.12.5 FTT: Stall, Departure, and Spin Flight Testing 4583.13 Hypersonic Flow 4633.13.1 Hypersonic Vehicles 4643.13.2 Effects of High Mach Number 4673.13.3 Effects of High Temperature 4703.13.4 Viscous Hypersonic Flow 4733.13.5 Effects of Low Density 4763.13.6 Approximate Analyses of Inviscid Hypersonic Flow 4763.13.7 Aerodynamic Heating 4813.13.8 FTT: Hypersonic Flight Testing 4853.14 Summary of Lift and Drag Theories 495References 497Problems 5004 Propulsion 5044.1 Introduction 5044.1.1 The Concept of Propulsive Thrust 5054.1.2 Engine Station Numbering 5094.2 Propulsive Flows with Heat Addition and Work 5114.3 Derivation of the Thrust Equations 5134.3.1 Force Accounting 5144.3.2 Uninstalled Thrust for the Rocket Engine 5154.3.3 Uninstalled Thrust for the Ramjet and Turbojet 5184.3.4 Installed Thrust for an Air-Breathing Engine 5204.3.5 Thrust Equation for a Propeller 5214.4 Thrust and Power Curves for Propeller-Driven and Jet Engines 5254.4.1 FTT: In-Flight Thrust Measurement 5264.5 Air-Breathing Propulsion 5314.5.1 Air-Breathing Propulsion Performance Parameters 5324.5.2 The Ramjet 5384.5.3 The Gas Generator 5424.5.4 The Turbojet Engine 5484.5.5 The Turbofan Engine 5554.5.6 The Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines 5584.5.7 More about Inlets and Nozzles for Air-Breathing Engines 5604.5.8 The Reciprocating, Piston Engine–Propeller Combination 5704.5.9 Summary of Thermodynamic Cycles for Air-Breathing Engines 5854.5.10 GTT: the Engine Test Cell and Test Stand 5854.5.11 FTT: Flying Engine Testbeds 5884.6 Rocket Propulsion 5894.6.1 Thrust Chamber Thermodynamics 5904.6.2 Rocket Propulsion Performance Parameters 5924.6.3 Liquid-Propellant Rocket Propulsion 6014.6.4 Solid-Propellant Rocket Propulsion 6044.6.5 Hybrid-Propellant Rocket Propulsion 6074.6.6 Types of Rocket Nozzles 6114.7 Other Types of Non-Air-Breathing Propulsion 6134.7.1 Nuclear Rocket Propulsion 6144.7.2 Electric Spacecraft Propulsion 6164.7.3 Solar Propulsion 6234.8 Other Types of Air-Breathing Propulsion 6274.8.1 The Scramjet 6274.8.2 Combined Cycle Propulsion 6294.8.3 Unsteady Wave Propulsion 630References 634Problems 6355 Performance 6375.1 Introduction 6385.2 Altitude Definitions 6415.3 Physical Description of the Atmosphere 6445.3.1 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 6455.3.2 Layers of the Atmosphere 6465.3.3 GTT: Cabin Pressurization Test 6495.4 Equation of Fluid Statics: The Hydrostatic Equation 6515.5 The Standard Atmosphere 6555.5.1 Development of the Standard Atmosphere Model 6565.5.2 Temperature, Pressure, and Density Ratios 6615.6 Air Data System Measurements 6635.6.1 The Pitot-Static System 6645.6.2 Measurement of Altitude 6655.6.3 Measurement of Airspeed 6675.6.4 Types of Airspeed 6725.6.5 Pitot-Static System Errors 6785.6.6 Other Air Data Measurements 6815.6.7 FTT: Altitude and Airspeed Calibration 6845.7 The Equations of Motion for Unaccelerated Flight 6905.8 Level Flight Performance 6925.8.1 Thrust Required in Level, Unaccelerated Flight 6935.8.2 Velocity and Lift Coefficient for Minimum Thrust Required 6975.8.3 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity 6985.8.4 Power Required and Power Available 7015.8.5 Velocity and Lift Coefficient for Minimum Power Required 7055.8.6 Range and Endurance 7075.8.7 FTT: Cruise Performance 7125.9 Climb Performance 7225.9.1 Maximum Angle and Maximum Rate of Climb 7225.9.2 Time to Climb 7255.9.3 FTT: Climb Performance 7275.10 Glide Performance 7315.11 The Polar Diagram 7335.12 Energy Concepts 7355.12.1 FTT: Specific Excess Power 7455.13 Turn Performance 7485.13.1 The Level Turn 7485.13.2 Turns in the Vertical Plane 7585.13.3 Turn Performance and the V–n Diagram 7625.13.4 FTT: Turn Performance 7635.14 Takeoff and Landing Performance 7665.14.1 Takeoff Distance 7715.14.2 Landing Distance 7725.14.3 Solution 7735.14.4 FTT: Takeoff Performance 774References 778Problems 7796 Stability and Control 7826.1 Introduction 7836.2 Aircraft Stability 7846.2.1 Static Stability 7856.2.2 Dynamic Stability 7856.3 Aircraft Control 7876.3.1 Flight Controls 7876.3.2 Stick-Fixed and Stick-Free Stability 7886.4 Aircraft Body Axes, Sign Conventions, and Nomenclature 7896.5 Longitudinal Static Stability 7936.5.1 The Pitching Moment Curve 7936.5.2 Configurations with Longitudinal Static Stability and Balance 7976.5.3 Contributions of Aircraft Components to the Pitching Moment 8016.5.4 Neutral Point and Static Margin 8146.6 Longitudinal Control 8176.6.1 Elevator Effectiveness and Control Power 8186.6.2 Calculation of New Trim Conditions Due to Elevator Deflection 8236.6.3 Elevator Hinge Moment 8256.6.4 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 8276.6.5 Longitudinal Control Forces 8286.6.6 FTT: Longitudinal Static Stability 8316.7 Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 8376.7.1 Directional Static Stability 8386.7.2 Directional Control 8436.7.3 Lateral Static Stability 8456.7.4 Roll Control 8496.7.5 FTT: Lateral-Directional Static Stability 8516.8 Summary of Static Stability and Control Derivatives 8566.9 Dynamic Stability 8576.9.1 Long Period or Phugoid 8586.9.2 Short Period 8616.9.3 Dutch Roll 8626.9.4 Spiral Mode 8646.9.5 Roll Mode 8656.9.6 FTT: Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 8666.10 Handling Qualities 8726.10.1 FTT: Variable-Stability Aircraft 8736.11 FTT: First Flight 876References 880Problems 880Appendix A Constants 882A.1 Miscellaneous Constants 882A.2 Properties of Air at Standard Sea Level Conditions 882Appendix B Conversions 883B.1 Unit Conversions 883B.2 Temperature Unit Conversions 884Appendix C Properties of the 1976 US Standard Atmosphere 885C.1 English Units 885C.2 SI Units 887Index 891