Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials, Volume 2

Shakeel Ahmed is a Research Fellow at Bio+Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites. He has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He is an associate member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), UK and life member of the Asian Polymer Association and Society of Materials Chemistry. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, is an Adjunct Professor, an Academic Advisor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xvii1 Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials – A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future 1Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 21.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study 21.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study 31.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability 31.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green Engineering 41.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology 51.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials? 51.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today 61.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Green Sustainability 61.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in Nanotechnology Today 101.11 Technological Vision and the Scientific Endeavour in Advanced Materials 111.12 The Vision of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 121.13 Global Water Shortage and the Challenges of Research and Development Initiatives 131.14 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 141.15 Water Purification Technologies and the World of Environmental Sustainability 151.16 Future Frontiers and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 161.17 Future Research Trends in Sustainability and Nanotechnology Applications 161.18 Summary, Conclusion and Scientific Perspectives 17References 172 Valorization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials from a Biomed Perspective – Potential Applications 19Muhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Abaid Ullah and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal2.1 Introduction 202.2 Multi-Functional Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Materials – Smart Polymers 202.3 Biomedical Potentialities of Biopolymers and/or Biopolymers-Based Constructs 242.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles – Biomedical Applications 252.5 BioMOFs: Metal–Organic Frameworks 282.6 Bioinspired MOFs – Biomedical Application and Prospects 292.7 Drug Delivery Perspectives of MOFs 312.8 MOF in Enantioseparation of Drug Racemates 312.9 Porous Covalent Organic Cages as Bio-Inspired Materials 332.10 pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 342.11 Concluding Remarks 35Conflict of Interest 38Acknowledgements 38References 383 Applications of Textile Materials Using Emerging Sources and Technology: A New Perspective 49Pintu Pandit, Saptarshi Maiti, Gayatri T.N. and Aranya Mallick3.1 Introduction 503.2 Synthesis, Forms, Properties and Applications of Graphene 523.2.1 Structure and Forms of Graphene 523.2.2 Synthesis and Production Methods of Graphene 533.2.3 Properties of Graphene 543.2.4 Applications of Graphene 553.2.4.1 Application of Graphene in Energy Storage, Optoelectronics, and Photovoltaic Cell 553.2.4.2 Application of Graphene in Ultrafiltration and Bioengineering 573.2.4.3 Application of Graphene in Textile Materials and Composites 573.3 Essential Role for Nanomaterials in Textiles 593.3.1 Developing and Processing Nanoengineered Textiles 603.3.2 Nanofiber Application Driven by Function-of-Form Paradigm 633.4 Types, Synthesis and Application of Dendrimers 653.4.1 Types of Dendrimers 663.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers (Divergent and Convergent Method) 673.4.3 Application of Dendrimers in Chemical Processing of Textile Materials 683.4.4 Application of Dendrimers in Medical Textiles 693.4.5 Application of Dendrimers in Effluent Treatment 703.5 Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Materials 713.6 Synthesis and Applications of Biopolymer-Based Absorbents 743.7 Conclusion 77References 784 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Applications and Environmental Issues 85Pooja Thakur, Kamal Kumar Bhardwaj and Reena Gupta4.1 Introduction 864.2 NPs and Nanodevices 874.3 Types of NPs 884.3.1 Carbon Based NPs 894.3.1.1 Fullerenes 894.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 904.3.1.3 Graphene Nanofoils 904.3.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres 914.3.1.5 Carbon Black 914.3.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams 924.3.2 Inorganic NPs 924.3.2.1 Metals 924.3.2.2 Metal Oxides 924.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 934.3.3 Organic NPs 944.3.3.1 Organic Polymers 944.3.3.2 Biologically Inspired NPs 944.4 Applications of NPs 944.4.1 Applications of Nanotechnology by Sectors of Activity 944.4.2 Nanotechnology Applications by NP Type 954.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and its Products 954.5.1 Potential Environmental Effects 1004.5.2 Fate of NPs in the Environment 1014.5.3 Positive Effects on Environment 1044.5.4 Negative Effects on Environment 1054.6 Conclusion 106Acknowledgements 106Conflict of Interests 107References 1075 Chitosan in Water Purification Technology 111Ajith James Jose, Ann Mary Jacob, Manjusha K. C. and Jincymol Kappen5.1 Introduction 1115.2 Chitosan 1125.3 Chitosan in Waste Water Treatment 1155.3.1 Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water 1155.3.2 Treatment of Textile Effluents 1165.3.3 Household Drinking Water Treatment 1175.4 Mechanism Behind the Waste Water Treatment by Chitosan 1185.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 1185.4.2 Removal of Bacteria 1205.5 Conclusion 121References 1216 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials – Environmental Applications 125Swapnil Sharma, Vivek Dave, Kanika Verma and Jaya Dwivedi6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Application of Advanced Green Sustainable Materials in Sensing and Removal of Water Toxicants 1266.2.1 Materials Used for Sensing and Removal of Dyes and Heavy Metals from Water 1266.2.1.1 Dyes 1266.2.1.2 Heavy Metal 1276.2.1.3 Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye from Naturally Derived Bio-Sorbents 1346.2.2 Removal of Microbial Pathogen from Water 1376.2.3 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants from Water 1466.3 Removal of Contaminants from Air 1476.4 Application of Sustainable Material in Soil Remediation 148Acknowledgement 149References 1497 Green and Sustainable Copper-Based Nanomaterials – An Environmental Perspective 159Santosh Bahadur Singh7.1 Introduction 1607.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials and its Sustainability 1627.2.1 Metallic Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) 1627.2.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)-Based NPs 1637.2.3 Supported Copper Nanomaterials 1647.2.4 Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanomaterials 1657.3 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis: As a Tool for Environmental Cleaning 1657.4 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 1667.5 Environmental Perspective of Copper Nanomaterials 1697.6 Concluding Remarks 170References 1708 An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application 177Tanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane8.1 History 1778.2 Sources 1788.2.1 Tubers or Roots 1788.2.2 Corn 1788.3 Physiochemical Properties 1788.3.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules 1788.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Birefringence 1808.3.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity 1818.3.4 Retrogradation and Gelatinization 1818.3.5 Thermal and Rheological Properties 1818.4 Starch Gelatinization Measurement 1828.5 Processing of Starch 1828.5.1 Surface Hydrolysis 1828.5.2 Native Digestion 1838.5.3 Hydrothermal Modification 1838.6 Thermoplastic Starch 1848.7 Resistant Starch 1848.8 Starch Nanocrystals 1848.9 Ionic Liquid 1858.10 Enzyme Selection 1858.11 Packing Configuration 1868.12 Chemical Modification 1868.12.1 Cross-Linking 1888.12.2 Starch-Graft Copolymer 1888.12.2.1 Graft with Vinyl Monomers 1898.12.2.2 Graft with other Monomers 1898.12.3 Esterification 1908.12.3.1 Inorganic Starch Esters 1908.12.3.2 Organic Starch Esters 1908.12.4 Etherification 1908.12.5 Dual Modification 1918.12.6 Other Chemical Modification 1918.12.6.1 Oxidation 1928.12.6.2 Acid Modification 1928.13 Starch-Based Materials 1948.13.1 PLA Starch 1948.13.2 Starch Alginate 1948.13.3 PCL Starch 1948.13.4 Chitosan Starch 1958.13.5 Starch Clay 1958.13.6 Starch and DMAEMA 1968.13.7 Plasticized Starch(PLS)/Poly(Butylene Succinate Co-Butylene Adipate (PBSA) 1968.13.8 Gelatin–OSA Starch 1978.13.9 Chitin and Starch 1978.13.10 Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) and Chitosan 1978.14 Applications 1988.14.1 Wound Dressing 1988.14.2 Biomedical 1988.14.3 Nanomaterial 1998.14.4 Cancer 1998.14.5 Starch Film 2008.14.6 Gene Delivery 2008.14.7 Transdermal Delivery 2008.14.8 Resistive Switch Memory 2018.14.9 Oral Drug Delivery 2018.14.10 Waste Water Treatment 2028.14.11 Heavy Metal Removal 2028.14.12 Dry Removal 204Acknowledgement 205References 2059 Synthesized Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 Quinternary Alloys Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 209Y. Al-Douri and A. S. Ibraheam9.1 Introduction 2109.2 Experimental Process 2119.3 Results and Discussion 2139.4 Conclusions 219References 22110 Biochar Supercapacitors: Recent Developments in the Materials and Methods 223S. Vivekanandhan10.1 Introduction 22410.1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar 22410.1.2 Traditional Uses of Biochar 22510.1.2.1 Combustible Fuel 22510.1.2.2 Soil Amendment 22610.1.2.3 Carbon Sequestration 22610.1.3 Biochar in Sustainable Bioeconomy 22710.1.4 Value Added Utilization of Biochar 22810.1.4.1 Catalysis 22810.1.4.2 Polymer Composites 22910.1.4.3 Environmental Remediation 22910.1.4.4 Energy Storage and Conversion 23010.2 Biochar Supercapacitors 23010.2.1 Biochar Based Supercapacitor 23110.2.1.1 Agricultural Residues 23110.2.1.2 Industrial Crops 23110.2.1.3 Industrial Co- Products and By-Products 23210.2.1.4 Wood Biomasses 23310.2.2 Capacitive Mechanism for Biochar 23510.3 Biochar Modification Techniques for Capacitive Applications 23710.3.1 Activation 23710.3.1.1 Physical Techniques 23710.3.1.2 Chemical Techniques 23810.3.2 Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Loading 23910.3.3 Nitrogen and Sulphur Doping 24010.4 Biochar Based Composite Materials for Supercapacitors Application 24210.5 Conclusions 243Acknowledgements 244References 24411 Nature and Technoenergy 251Smita Kapoor, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta11.1 Introduction 25111.2 Concept of Sustainability 25311.3 Materials Science and Energy 25411.4 Green and Advanced Materials 25611.5 Emerging Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 26111.6 Substrates and Encapsulates for Biodegradable and Biocompatible Electronics 26211.7 Semi-Natural/Semi-Synthetic Substrates: Paper 26211.8 Applications of Advanced Materials for Energy Applications 26711.8.1 Optical Materials for Energy Applications 26711.8.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 26911.8.3 Polymer Solar Cells 27011.8.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Application 27211.8.5 Electrochemical Capacitor 27311.8.6 Polymer Sulfur Composite Cathode Material 27311.9 Conclusion 274References 27412 Biomedical Applications of Synthetic and Natural Biodegradable Polymers 281Manpreet Kaur, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Desired Properties of Polymers for Biomedical Applications 28512.2.1 Super Hydrophobicity 28512.2.2 Adhesion 28612.2.3 Self-Healing 28612.3 Natural Polymers 28612.3.1 Collagen as a Biopolymer 28712.3.2 Applications of Collagen 28912.3.2.1 Collagen in Ophthalmology 28912.3.2.2 Collagen in Wound and Burn Dressing 29412.3.2.3 Collagen in Tissue Engineering 29512.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymers 29712.3.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 29812.3.4.1 Chitosan in Ophthalmology 29812.3.4.2 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Dressings 29812.3.4.3 Chitosan in Drug-Delivery Systems 29912.4 Synthetic Polymers 30112.4.1 Polyolefins 30112.4.2 Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 30112.4.3 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 30112.4.4 Silicone 30212.4.5 Methacrylates 30212.4.6 Polyesters 30312.4.7 Polyethers 30312.4.8 Polyamides 30312.4.9 Polyurethanes 30412.5 Conclusion 305Acknowledgements 305Conflicts of Interests 305References 30513 Efficiency of Transition Metals at Nanoscale - as Heterogeneous Catalysts 311Heeralaxmi Jadon, Sushma Neeraj and Mohammad Kuddus13.1 Introduction 31213.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalyst 31313.3 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyst 31513.4 Transition Metals 31613.4.1 Common Properties of Transition Metals 31613.5 Individual Properties of Different Transition Metals 31913.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 31913.5.2 Titanium (Ti) 32013.5.3 Vanadium (V) 32013.5.4 Chromium (Cr) 32013.5.5 Manganese (Mn) 32013.5.6 Iron (Fe) 32013.5.7 Cobalt (Co) 32113.5.8 Nickel (Ni) 32113.5.9 Copper (Cu) 32113.5.10 Zinc (Zn) 32113.5.11 Yttrium (Y) 32213.5.12 Zirconium (Zr) 32213.5.13 Niobium (Nb) 32213.5.14 Molybdenum (Mo) 32313.5.15 Technetium (Tc) 32313.5.16 Rhodium (Rh) 32313.5.17 Palladium (Pd) 32313.5.18 Silver (Ag) 32413.5.19 Cadmium (Cd) 32413.5.20 Lanthanum (La) 32413.5.21 Hafnium (Hf) 32513.5.22 Tantalum (Ta) 32513.5.23 Tungsten (W) 32513.5.24 Rhenium (Re) 32513.5.25 Osmium (Os) 32613.5.26 Iridium (Ir) 32613.5.27 Platinum (Pt) 32613.5.28 Gold (Au) 32613.5.29 Mercury (Hg) 32713.5.30 Actinium (Ac) 32713.5.31 Rutherfordium (Rf) 32713.5.32 Dubnium (Db) 32713.5.33 Seaborgium (Sg) 32713.5.34 Bohrium (Bh) 32813.5.35 Hassium (Hs) 32813.5.36 Meitnerium (Mt) 32813.5.37 Roentgenium (Rg) 32813.5.38 Copernicium (Cn) 32913.6 Ability of Transitional Metals for Good Catalysts 32913.7 Advantages of Catalyst at Nanoscale 33013.8 Conclusion 337References 33714 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food Industry 343Ashitha Jose and Radhakrishnan E.K14.1 Introduction 34414.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 34614.2.1 Precision Farming and Nanotechnology 34814.2.2 Control Release Formulations 34914.2.3 Nanoagrochemicals 34914.2.4 Nanopesticides 35214.2.5 Nanofungicides 35314.2.6 Nanofertilizers 35414.3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 35714.3.1 Food Packaging 35914.3.2 Biodegradable Packaging 36114.3.3 Antimicrobial Packaging 36114.3.4 Antimicrobial Sachets 36614.3.5 Nanocomposites and Bioactive Compounds 36614.3.6 Nanosensors 36714.3.7 Detection of Microorganisms 36814.3.8 Smart Packaging 36814.4 Toxicity Concerns Involved with Nanotechnology 368References 369Index 377