Advanced Electrode Materials

Ashutosh Tiwari is Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; Chairman and Managing Director of Tekidag AB (Innotech); Associate Professor and Group Leader, Smart Materials and Biodevices at the world premier Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; a materials chemist and docent in the Applied Physics with the specialization of Biosensors and Bioelectronics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has more than 100 peer-reviewed primary research publications in the field of materials science and nanotechnology and has edited/authored more than 35 books on advanced materials and technology.Feliz Kuralay is currently at Ordu University, Turkey.Lokman Uzun is an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey where he also received his PhD in 2008. He is the author of more than 75 articles in peer-review journals and is the Assistant Editor of Hacettepe’s Journal of Biology and Chemistry. He recently took up a fellowship with the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden. His research interest is mainly in materials science, surface modification, affinity interaction, polymer science, especially molecularly imprinted polymers and their applications in biosensors, bioseparation, food safety, and the environmental sciences.

• Preface xvPart 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3J. Sołoducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zając1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 41.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 41.1.2 Graphene 61.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 61.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 71.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 81.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 91.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 111.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 121.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 121.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 131.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 151.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 161.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 161.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 171.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18Acknowledgments 19References 192 Diamond-based Electrodes 27Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova2.1 Introduction 272.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 282.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 302.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 312.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 312.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 322.4 Diamond Doping 332.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 342.4.2 Ion Implantation 372.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 372.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 392.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 392.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 402.6.3 Energy Technology 452.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 452.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 492.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 512.7 Conclusions 52References 533 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz3.1 Introduction 623.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 633.3 Electrochromic Devices 633.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 643.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 643.3.3 Switching Speed 653.3.4 Stability 653.3.5 Optical Memory 653.4 Transition Metal Oxides 673.5 Tungsten Oxide 673.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 693.7 Hybrid Materials 703.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 713.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95Acknowledgments 99References 99Contents vii4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 1044.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 1044.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 1094.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 1144.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 1144.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 1144.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 1164.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 1184.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 1184.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 1204.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 1214.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 1234.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 1284.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 1314.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 1314.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 1334.4 Conclusions 136Acknowledgments 137Notes 137References 138Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araújo5.1 Introduction 1505.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 1515.2.1 Polyoxometalates 1515.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 1545.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 1575.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 1605.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 1615.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 1615.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 1675.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 1685.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 1705.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 1735.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 1735.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 1775.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 1785.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 1795.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 1835.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 1855.5 Concluding Remarks 191Acknowledgments 193List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193References 1966 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou6.1 Introduction 2136.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 2176.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 2226.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 2266.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 2286.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 2306.5 Conclusions 233Acknowledgments 236References 2367 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib7.1 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon (M–N–C) Electrocatalysts 2447.1.1 Introduction 2447.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 2457.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 2487.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 2497.1.5 None-Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 2507.1.6 Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 2547.1.7 Conclusion 2617.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 2627.2.1 Introduction 2627.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 2667.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 2677.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 2727.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 2747.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 2767.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 2777.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 2787.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 2787.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 2797.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 2797.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 2817.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 2817.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 2837.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 2837.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 2847.2.6 Conclusion 2857.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 2857.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 2857.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 2947.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 2967.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 2987.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 3007.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 3007.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 3037.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 3037.4.2.2 2D Graphene 3067.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308References 3108 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321S. Terny and M.A. Frechero8.1 Introduction 3218.2 Glass Samples Preparation 3238.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 3248.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 3258.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 3258.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 3268.5 Thermal Analysis 3268.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 3268.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 3298.6 Density and Appearance 3308.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 3308.6.2 Materials’ Appearance 3318.6.2.1 Glasses 3318.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 3328.7 Structural Features 3328.7.1 Glassy Materials 3328.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 3348.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 3378.8 Electrical Behavior 3428.8.1 Glasses Materials 3428.8.2 Composite Materials 3478.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 3498.10 Final Remarks 350Acknowledgments 352References 3529 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko9.1 Introduction 3569.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 3579.2.1 Host–Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 3579.2.2 Core–Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 3619.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 3689.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 3689.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 3709.4 Conclusion 384References 38510 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi10.1 Introduction 39810.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 39910.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 39910.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 40110.2.3 Graphene Supports 40310.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 40510.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 40610.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 40810.2.7 Hybrid Supports 41010.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411References 42111 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu11.1 Introduction 43511.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 43811.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 44011.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 44111.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 44211.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 44311.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 44411.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 44511.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 44511.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 44611.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 44611.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 44811.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 45011.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452References 45312 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu12.1 Introduction 45712.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 45912.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 46612.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 47012.5 Conclusions 474Acknowledgments 475References 47513 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485Filiz Kuralay13.1 Introduction 48613.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 48713.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 48913.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493Acknowledgments 494References 494