Graphene Materials

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Mikael Syväjärvi received a PhD degree in materials science from Linköping University, Sweden in 1999. His expertise is in materials growth and technologies of SiC, graphene and related materials. His scientific focus area is material for energy and environment. Dr. Syväjärvi initiated a European research collaboration in fluorescent and photovoltaic SiC and has co-organized several symposiums at E-MRS. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers. He is a co-inventor of The Cubic Sublimation Method for cubic SiC and the Fast Sublimation Growth Process that is applied for industrial development of fluorescent hexagonal SiC. He also co-invented the High Temperature Graphene and co-founded Graphensic AB that manufactures and supplies graphene on SiC.

• Preface xvForeword by Rosita Yakimova xixPart 1: Fundamentals of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 11 Graphene and Related Two-Dimensional Materials 3Manas Mandal, Anirban Maitra, Tanya Das and Chapal Kumar Das1.1 Introduction 41.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide by Modified Hummer’s Method 61.3 Dispersion of Graphene Oxide in Organic Solvents 61.4 Paper-like Graphene Oxide 71.5 Thin Films of Graphene Oxide and Graphene 71.6 Nanocomposites of Graphene Oxide 81.7 Graphene-Based Materials 91.8 Graphene-like 2D Materials 101.8.1 Tungsten Sulfide 101.8.2 Molybdenum Sulfide 141.8.3 Tin Sulfide 151.8.4 Tin Selenide 171.8.5 Manganese Dioxide 171.8.6 Nickel Oxide 181.8.7 Boron Nitride 191.9 Conclusion 20References 202 Surface Functionalization of Graphene 25Mojtaba Bagherzadeh and Anahita Farahbakhsh2.1 Introduction 252.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene 272.3 Covalent Functionalization of Graphene 342.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction 342.3.2 Electrophilic Substitution Reaction 412.3.3 Condensation Reaction 422.3.4 Addition Reaction 502.4 Graphene–Nanoparticles 512.4.1 Metals NPs: Au, Pd, Pt, Ag 542.4.2 Metal oxide NPs: ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, SiO2,RuO2, Mn3O4, Co3O4, and Fe3O4 542.4.3 Semiconducting NPs: CdSe, CdS, ZnS, CdTe and Graphene QD 562.5 Conclusion 58References 583 Architecture and Applications of Functional Th ree-dimensional Graphene Networks 67Ramendra Sundar Dey and Qijin Chi3.1 Introduction 683.1.1 Synthesis of 3D Porous Graphene-Based Materials 693.1.2 Overview of 3DG Structures 733.2 Applications 773.2.1 Supercapacitor 773.2.2 Fuel Cells 913.2.3 Sensors 923.2.4 Other Applications 933.3 Summary, Conclusion, Outlook 93Abbreviations 94References 944 Covalent Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites 101Horacio J. Salavagione4.1 Introduction 1014.2 Properties of Graphene for Polymer Reinforcement 1024.3 Graphene and Graphene-like Materials 1034.4 Methods of Production 1044.5 Chemistry of Graphene 1084.6 Conventional Graphene Based Polymer Nanocomposites 1094.7 Covalent Graphene-polymer Nanocomposites 1124.8 Grafting-From Approaches 1144.8.1 Living Radical Polymerizations 1154.8.2 Other Approaches 1234.9 Grafting-to Approaches 1264.9.1 Graphene Oxide-based Chemistry 1274.9.2 Crosslinking Reactions 1304.9.3 Click Chemistry 1314.9.4 Other Grafting-to Approaches 1374.10 Conclusions 140References 141Part 2: Emerging Applications of Graphene in Energy, Health, Environment and Sensors 1515 Magnesium Matrix Composites Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets 153Muhammad Rashad, Fusheng Pan and Muhammad Asif5.1 Introduction 1545.1.1 Magnesium 1545.1.2 Metal Matrix Composites 1545.1.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) 1555.2 Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium 1565.2.1 Introduction 1565.2.2 Synthesis 1575.2.3 Microstructural Characterization 1575.2.4 Crystallographic Texture Measurements 1585.2.5 Mechanical Characterization 1605.2.6 Conclusions 1635.3 Synergetic Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MW-CNTs) on Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium 1645.3.1 Introduction 1645.3.2 Synthesis 1655.3.3 Microstructure Characterization 1665.3.4 Mechanical Characterization 1695.3.5 Conclusions 1745.4 Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Addition on Strength and Ductility of Magnesium-Titanium Alloys 1755.4.1 Introduction 1755.4.2 Synthesis 1765.4.3 Microstructure Characterization 1765.4.4 Mechanical Characterization 1785.4.5 Conclusions 1795.5 Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Tensile Properties of Mg–1%Al–1%Sn Alloy 1805.5.1 Introduction 1805.5.2 Synthesis 1805.5.3 Microstructure Characterization 1805.5.4 Mechanical Characterization 1815.5.5 Conclusions 184Acknowledgments 184References 1856 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Energy Storage 191Malgorzata Aleksandrzak and Ewa Mijowska6.1 Introduction 1916.2 Graphene in Lithium Batteries 1926.2.1 Lithium Ion Batteries 1936.2.2 Lithium-Oxygen Batteries 2016.2.3 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 2066.3 Graphene in Supercapacitors 2126.4 Summary 218References 2187 Graphene-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite: An Ideal Electroactive Material for High Performance Supercapacitors 225Alagiri Mani, Khosro Zangene Kamali, Alagarsamy Pandikumar, Lim Yee Seng, Lim Hong Ngee and Huang Nay Ming7.1 Introduction 2267.2 Renewable Energy Sources 2267.3 Importance of Energy Storage 2277.4 Supercapacitors 2287.5 Principle and Operation of Supercapacitiors 2287.6 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 2307.7 Graphene-based Supercapacitors and Th eir Limitations 2317.8 Graphene-Polymer-Composite-based Supercapacitors 2327.9 Graphene-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite-based Supercapacitiors 2337.10 Fabrication of Graphene-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite for Supercapacitiors 2337.11 Performance of Graphene-Polypyrrole Nanocomposite-based Supercapacitors 2397.12 Summary and Outlooks 240References 2438 Hydrophobic ZnO Anchored Graphene Nanocomposite Based Bulk Hetro-junction Solar Cells to Improve Short Circuit Current Density 245Rajni Sharma, Firoz Alam, A.K. Sharma, V. Dutta and S.K. Dhawan8.1 Introduction 2468.2 Economic Expectations of OPV 2488.3 Device Architecture 2538.3.1 Bulk-heterojunction Structure 2528.4 Operational Principles 2538.4.1 Series and Shunt Resistance 2558.4.2 Standard Test Conditions 2568.5 Experimental procedure for synthesis of hydrophobic nanomaterials 2588.5.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 2588.5.2 ZnO Nanoparticle Decorated Graphene (Z@G) Nanocomposite 2598.6 Characterization of Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles and ZnO Decorated Graphene (Z@G) Nanocomposite 2598.6.1 Structural Analysis 2598.6.2 Morphological Analysis 2608.6.3 Optical Analysis 2628.6.4 FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectroscopy 2638.6.5 Raman Spectroscopy 2658.6.6 Hydrophobicity Measurement 2668.7 Hybrid Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization 2678.7.1 Device Fabrication 2678.7.2 J-V (Current density-Voltage) Characteristics 2678.8. Conclusion 272Acknowledgement 273References 2739 Three-dimensional Graphene Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Foam for Energy Storage and Biosensing 277Chih-Chien Kung, Liming Dai, Xiong Yu and Chung-Chiun Liu9.1 Background and Introduction 2789.1.1 Biosensors 2789.1.2 Fuel Cells 2809.1.3 Bimetallic Nanocatalysts 2829.1.4 Carbon Supported Materials 2829.1.5 Rotating Disk Electrode 2849.1.6 Cyclic Voltammetry and Chronoamperometric Techniques 2869.1.7 Methods of Estimating Limit of Detection (LOD) 2889.1.8 CO Stripping for the Estimation of the Catalyst Surface Area 2889.1.9 Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) Measurement 2889.1.10 Motivations of the Study 2899.2 Preparation and Characterization of Three Dimensional Graphene Foam Supported Platinum-Ruthenium Bimetallic Nanocatalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Based Electrochemical Biosensors 2909.2.1 Introduction 2909.2.2 Experimental 2919.2.3 Results and Discussion 2949.2.4 Conclusion for H2O2 Detection in Biosensing 3079.3 Three dimensional graphene Foam Supported Platinum–Ruthenium Bimetallic Nanocatalysts for Direct Methanol and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Applications 3079.3.1 Introduction 3089.3.2 Experimental 3099.3.3 Results and Discussion 3119.3.4 Conclusion for Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation Reactions in Energy Storage 3199.4 Conclusions 319Acknowledgments 320References 32010 Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platforms Using Graphene and Graphene-based Nanocomposites 325Sandeep Kumar Vashist and John H.T. Luong10.1 Introduction 32610.2 Fabrication of Graphene and Its Derivatives 32810.2.1 Exfoliation 32810.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 33010.2.3 Miscellaneous Techniques 33110.3 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 33210.4 Electrochemistry of Graphene 33310.5 Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials 33510.6 Electrochemical Sensing/Biosensing 33610.6.1 Glucose 33610.6.2 DNA/Proteins/Cells 34110.6.3 Other Small Electroactive Analytes 34410.7 Challenges and Future Trends 347References 35111 Applications of Graphene Electrodes in Health and Environmental Monitoring 361Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli, Susana Campuzano, José M. Pingarrón and Dimitrios P. Nikolelis11.1 Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Materials 36211.2 Graphene Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical (bio) Sensors Fabrication 36311.3 Miniaturized Graphene Nanostructured Biosensors for Health Monitoring 36511.3.1 Graphene in Bio-field-eff ect Transistors 36511.3.2 Graphene Impedimetric Biosensors 36711.3.3 Graphene in Electrochemical Biosensors 36811.4 Miniaturized Graphene Nanostructured Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 37711.4.1 Detection of Toxic Gases in Air 37711.4.2 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions 37911.4.3 Detection of Organic Pollutants 38111.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 384Acknowledgements 386References 386Index 393