Advanced Bioelectronic Materials

Ashutosh Tiwari is Chairman and Managing Director of Tekidag AB; Group Leader, Advanced Materials and Biodevices at the world premier Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre at IFM, Linköping University; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters and Advanced Materials Reviews; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and docent in the Applied Physics with the specialization of Biosensors and Bioelectronics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has more than 400 publications in the field of materials science and nanotechnology with h-index of 30 and has edited/authored over 25 books on advanced materials and technology. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Hirak K Patra completed his PhD in 2007 on "Synthetic Nanoforms as Designer and Explorer for Cellular Events" at the University of Calcutta, well known for its fundamental education system with three Nobel Laureates in Asia. He moved to the Applied Physics Division of Linköping University with the prestigious Integrative Regenerative Medicine fellowship at Sweden to work with the Prof. Anthony Turner at his Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center. He has published 17 articles in top journals, 4 patents, and has been honored with several "Young Scientist" awards globally.

• Preface xvPart 1: Recent Advances in Bioelectronics 11 Micro- and Nanoelectrodes in Protein-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Nanomedicine and Other Applications 3Niina J. Ronkainen1.1 Introduction 41.2 Microelectrodes 71.2.1 Electrochemistry and Advantages of Microelectrodes 71.2.2 Applications, Cleaning, and Performance of Microelectrodes 161.3 Nanoelectrodes 181.3.1 Electrochemistry and Advantages of Nanoelectrodes 211.3.2 Applications and Performance of Nanoelectrodes 231.4 Integration of the Electronic Transducer, Electrode, and Biological Recognition Components (such as Enzymes) in Nanoscale-Sized Biosensors and Their Clinical Applications 261.5 Conclusion 27Acknowledgment 28References 282 Radio-Frequency Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecular Binding Systems 35Hee-Jo Lee1, Sang-Gyu Kim, and Jong-Gwan Yook2.1 Overview 352.2 Introduction 362.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based RF Biosensor 372.3.1 Carbon Nanotube 372.3.2 Fabrications of Interdigital Capacitors with Carbon Nanotube 382.3.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube 392.3.4 Measurement and Results 402.4 Resonator-Based RF Biosensor 402.4.1 Resonator 402.4.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement 422.4.3 Functionalization of Resonator 422.5 Active System-Based RF Biosensor 452.5.1 Principle and Configuration of System 452.5.2 Fabrication of RF Active System with Resonator 462.5.2.1 Functionalization of Resonator 462.5.3 Measurement and Result 472.6 Conclusions 49Abbreviations 51References 523 Affinity Biosensing: Recent Advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance for Molecular Diagnostics 55S. Scarano, S. Mariani, and M. Minunni3.1 Introduction 563.2 Artists of the Biorecognition: New Natural and Synthetic Receptors as Sensing Elements 583.2.1 Antibodies and Their Mimetics 583.2.2 Nucleic Acids and Analogues 623.2.3 Living Cells 633.3 Recent Trends in Bioreceptors Immobilization 653.4 Trends for Improvements of Analytical Performances in Molecular Diagnostics 693.4.1 Coupling Nanotechnology to Biosensing 703.4.2 Microfluidics and Microsystems 763.4.3 Hyphenation 783.5 Conclusions 78References 804 Electropolymerized Materials for Biosensors 89Gennady Evtugyn, Anna Porfi reva and Tibor Hianik4.1 Introduction 894.2 Electropolymerized Materials Used in Biosensor Assembly 934.2.1 General Characteristic of Electropolymerization Techniques 934.2.2 Instrumentation Tools for Monitoring of the Redox-Active Polymers in the Biosensor Assembly 974.2.3 Redox-Active Polymers Applied in Biosensor Assembly 994.3 Enzyme Sensors 1074.3.1 PANI-Based Enzyme Sensors 1074.3.2 PPY and Polythiophene-Based Enzyme Sensors 1174.3.3 Enzyme Sensors Based on Other Redox-Active Polymers Obtained by Electropolymerization 1274.3.4 Enzyme Sensors Based on Other Polymers Bearing Redox Groups 1354.4 Immunosensors Based on Redox-Active Polymers 1374.5 DNA Sensors Based on Redox-Active Polymers 1494.5.1 PANI-based DNA Sensors and Aptasensors 1494.5.2 PPY-Based DNA Sensors 1534.5.3 Thiophene Derivatives in the DNA Sensors 1574.5.4 DNA Sensors Based on Polyphenazines and Other Redox-Active Polymers 1594.6 Conclusion 162Acknowledgments 163References 163Part 2 Advanced Nanostructures in Biosensing 1875 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Platform for Biosensor Applications 189Yusoff Norazriena, Alagarsamy Pandikumar, Huang Nay Ming, and Lim Hong Ngee2,35.1 Introduction 1895.2 Graphene 1925.3 Synthetic Methods for Graphene 1955.4 Properties of Graphene 1975.5 Multi-functional Applications of Graphene 1995.6 Electrochemical Sensor 200Graphene as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors 2015.6.1 Graphene-Based Modified Electrode for Glucose Sensors 2015.6.2 Graphene-Based Modified Electrode for NADH Sensors 2025.6.3 Graphene-Based Modified Electrode for NO Sensors 2045.6.4 Graphene-Based Modified Electrode for H2O 2065.7 Conclusion and Future Outlooks 207References 2086 Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Bioimaging 215Suresh Kumar Kailasa, Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta1, Nazim Hasan and Hui-Fen Wu6.1 Introduction 2156.2 CDs as Fluorescent Probes for Imaging of Biomolecules and Cells 2166.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 224References 2247 Enzyme Sensors Based on Nanostructured Materials 229Nada F. Atta, Shimaa M. Ali, and Ahmed Galal7.1 Biosensors and Nanotechnology 2297.2 Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2307.2.1 Glucose Biosensors 2337.2.2 Cholesterol Biosensors 2377.2.3 Tyrosinase Biosensors 2407.2.4 Urease Biosensors 2437.2.5 Acetylcholinesterase Biosensors 2447.2.6 Horseradish Peroxidase Biosensors 2467.2.7 DNA Biosensors 2487.3 Biosensors Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles 2527.4 Biosensors Based on Quantum Dots 2607.5 Conclusion 267References 2688 Biosensor Based on Chitosan Nanocomposite 277Baoqiang Li, Yinfeng Cheng, Feng Xu, Lei Wang, Daqing Wei, Dechang Jia, Yujie Feng, and Yu Zhou8.1 Introduction 2788.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Nanomaterials 2788.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Chitosan 2798.2.2 Biocompatibility of Chitosan 2808.2.3 Chitosan Nanomaterials 2818.2.3.1 Blending 2818.2.3.2 In Situ Hybridization 2828.2.3.3 Chemical Grafting 2858.3 Application of Chitosan Nanocomposite in Biosensor 2858.3.1 Biosensor Configurations and Bioreceptor Immobilization 2858.3.2 Biosensor Based on Chitosan Nanocomposite 2878.3.2.1 Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials?Chitosan Nanocomposite 2878.3.2.2 Biosensors Based on Metal and Metal Oxide?Chitosan Nanocomposite 2908.3.2.3 Biosensors Based on Quantum Dots Chitosan Nanocomposite 2938.3.2.4 Biosensors Based on IonicLiquid Chitosan Nanocomposite 2938.4 Emerging Biosensor and Future Perspectives 294Acknowledgments 298References 298Part 3 Systematic Bioelectronic Strategies 3099 Bilayer Lipid Membrane Constructs: A Strategic Technology Evaluation Approach 311Christina G. Siontorou9.1 The Lipid Bilayer Concept and the Membrane Platform 3129.2 Strategic Technology Evaluation: The Approach 3189.3 The Dimensions of the Membrane-Based Technology 3199.4 Technology Dimension 1: Fabrication 3229.4.1 Suspended Lipid Platforms 3229.4.2 Supported Lipid Platforms 3279.4.3 Micro- and Nano-Fabricated Lipid Platforms 3319.5 Technology Dimension 2: Membrane Modelling 3339.6 Technology Dimension 3: Artificial Chemoreception 3369.7 Technology Evaluation 3379.8 Concluding Remarks 339Abbreviations 340References 34010 Carbon and Its Hybrid Composites as Advanced Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 355S. T. Senthilkumar, K. Vijaya Sankar, J. S. Melo, A. Gedanken and R. Kalai Selvan10.1 Introduction 35610.1.1 Background 35610.2 Principle of Supercapacitor 35810.2.1 Basics of Supercapacitor 35810.2.2 Charge Storage Mechanism of SC 36010.2.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 36010.2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors 36110.2.2.3 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 36410.3 Activated Carbon and Their Composites 36610.4 Carbon Aerogels and Their Composite Materials 36810.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Their Composite Materials 37110.6 Two-Dimensional Graphene 37410.6.1 Electrochemical Performance of Graphene 37510.6.2 Graphene Composites 37610.6.2.1 Binary Composites 37610.6.2.2 Ternary Hybrid Electrode 37810.6.3 Doping of Graphene with Heteroatom 38010.7 Conclusion and Outlook 381Acknowledgements 382References 38211 Recent Advances of Biosensors in Food Detection Including Genetically Modified Organisms in Food 395T. Varzakas, Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli, and Dimitrios P. Nikolelis11.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 39611.2 DNA Biosensors for Detection of GMOs Nanotechnology 40011.3 Aptamers 41111.4 Voltammetric Biosensors 41211.5 Amperometric Biosensors 41311.6 Optical Biosensors 41411.7 Magnetoelastic Biosensors 41511.8 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Biosensors for Odor Detection 41511.9 Quorum Sensing and Toxoflavin Detection 41611.10 Xanthine Biosensors 41711.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects 418Acknowledgments 419References 41912 Numerical Modeling and Calculation of Sensing Parameters of DNA Sensors 429Hediyeh Karimi, Farzaneh Sabbagh, Rasoul Rahmani, and M. T. Ahamdi12.1 Introduction to Graphene 43012.1.1 Electronic Structure of Graphene 43112.1.2 Graphene as a Sensing Element 43112.1.3 DNA Molecules 43212.1.4 DNA Hybridization 43212.1.5 Graphene-Based Field Effect Transistors 43412.1.6 DNA Sensor Structure 43512.1.7 Sensing Mechanism 43612.2 Numerical Modeling 43712.2.112.2.2 Modeling of the Sensing Parameter (Conductance) Current Voltage (Id?Vg) Characteristics 437Modeling 44012.2.3 Proposed Alpha Model 44112.2.4 Comparison of the Proposed NumericalModel with Experiment 444References 44713 Carbon Nanotubes and Cellulose Acetate Composite for Biomolecular Sensing 453Padmaker Pandey, Anamika Pandey, O. P. Pandey and N. K. Shukla13.1 Introduction 45313.2 Background of the Work 45613.3 Materials and Methodology 45913.3.1 Preparation of Membranes 45913.3.2 Immobilisation of Enzyme 46013.3.3 Assay for Measurement of EnzymaticReaction 46013.4 Characterisation of Membranes 46013.4.1 Optical Microscope Characterisation 46013.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope Characterisation 46213.5 pH Measurements Using Different Membranes 46213.5.1 For Un-immobilised Membranes 46213.5.2 For Immobilised Membranes 46213.6 Conclusion 464Reference 46514 Review of the Green Synthesis of Metal/Graphene Composites for Energy Conversion, Sensor, Environmental, and Bioelectronic Applications 467Shude Liu, K.S. Hui, and K.N. Hui14.1 Introduction 46814.2 Metal/Graphene Composites 46814.3 Synthesis Routes of Graphene 46914.3.1 CVD Synthesis of Graphene 46914.3.2 Liquid-Phase Production of Graphene 47314.3.3 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene 47614.4 Green Synthesis Route of Metal/Graphene Composites 47814.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Metal/Graphene Composites 47914.4.2 Non-toxic Reducing Agent 48214.4.3 In Situ Sonication Method 48414.4.4 Photocatalytic Reduction Method 48614.5 Green Application of Metal/Graphene and Doped Graphene Composites 48714.5.1 Energy Storage and Conversion Device 48714.5.2 Electrochemical Sensors 49014.5.3 Wastewater Treatment 49114.5.4 Bioelectronics 49214.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 496Acknowledgments 497References 497