Toxic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award, and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, sensors for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators. Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of the Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management and converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in generating value-added products such as nanomaterials. Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Engineering of Porto, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal. She obtained a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Porto in 2012. Her interests include toxicology, human health, and nutrition. Her research addresses the analytical process and data processing using analytics techniques. She has published 50 publications in international peer journals, eight book chapters, and received 11 awards.

• Preface xix1 Aging Process of Microplastics in the Environment 1Sílvia D. Martinho, Virgínia Cruz Fernandes, Sónia A. Figueiredo and Cristina Delerue-Matos1.1 Introduction 11.2 Impact of MPs on the Environment 31.3 Pristine and Aged Microplastics 41.4 Influence of Aging Processes in the Properties of MPs 71.5 Simulation in the Laboratory of the Different Aging Effects 101.6 Conclusion 132 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Bioplastics 21A. L. Tecorralco-Bobadilla, A. Vázquez-Morillas, G. González-Cardoso and P. X. Sotelo-Navarro2.1 Introduction 212.2 Purpose and Approach of this Chapter 242.3 Development of Life Cycle Assessments for Bioplastics 262.4 Discussion 472.5 Concluding Remarks 543 Micro- and Nanoplastics--An Invisible Threat to Human Health 61Anamika Singh, Anjali Joseph, Thyagaraju Badanavalu Madaiah and Shinomol George Kunnel3.1 Introduction 613.2 Routes of Exposure 623.3 Phenomenon of Microplastics in Nourishment and Nutrients 653.4 Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Mammalian Health 663.5 Nanoplastics and Microplastics: Effects on Environment and Marine Life 673.6 Conclusions 684 Microplastics and Nanoplastics and Related Chemicals: The Physical-Chemical Interactions 73Elsa Cherian, Lakshmi Mohan and Sony Elizebeth Manoj4.1 Introduction to Micro- and Nanoplastics 734.2 Sources and Distribution of Micro- and Nanoplastics 764.3 Ecological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics 764.4 Food Contamination and Human Exposure to Micro- and Nanoplastics 784.5 Toxicological Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Human Health 794.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Mitigating the Toxic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics 825 Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Sources, Distribution, Behaviors, and Fate 87Minoo Giyahchi and Hamid Moghimi5.1 Micro- and Nanoplastics: Principles and Sources 885.2 Micro- and Nanoplastic Behavior 895.3 Micro- and Nanoplastics’ Distribution and Fate: From Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments to the Human Body 955.4 The Effect of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on MNPs’ Behavior and Fate 1005.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1016 Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food 107Asra Tariq and Ghaus Rizvi6.1 Introduction 1076.2 Sources of Micro-Nanoplastics Affecting Food 1096.3 Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics 1146.4 Direct Impact on Human Health 1146.5 Affecting the Food Chain 1166.6 Detection of Micro-Nanoplastics in Food 1166.7 Conclusion 1187 Microplastics: Properties, Effect on the Environment and Removal Methods 125Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Pallavi Jain and Prashant Singh7.1 An Insight Into Microplastics (MPs) 1257.2 Microplastic Definitions 1267.3 Properties of MPs 1267.4 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 1277.5 Microbeads 1287.6 Impacts of MPs 1287.7 Global Initiatives 1337.7.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 14) 1337.8 Conclusion 1348 Identification, Quantification, and Presence of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Beverages Around the World 139Lobato-Rocha Sheila Liliana Dafne, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Rodríguez-Villa Aylin Geraldine, Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn and Álvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos8.1 Introduction 1398.2 Methodology 1418.3 Results 1428.4 Microplastic Concentrations in Beverages 1488.5 Microplastic Characterization in Beverages 1508.6 Human Exposure 1558.7 Conclusions 1569 Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial Systems 163Nigina, V. Sajith and Baiju G. Nair9.1 Introduction 1639.2 Micro/Nanoplastics in Soil 1659.3 Micro/Nanoplastics in Plants 1689.4 Micro/Nanoplastics in Terrestrial Organism 1969.5 Conclusion 19810 Microplastics in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products 215Ana Isabel Hernandez-Soriano, Carolina Martínez-Salvador, Juan Carlos Alvarez-Zeferino, Alethia Vázquez-Morillas and M. Azahara Mesa-Jurado10.1 Introduction 21510.2 Methodology 21810.3 Results 21910.4 Characterization of Microplastics in PCPs and Cosmetics 22010.5 Interaction Between Microplastics from PCPs and Other Substances 22710.6 Toxicity of Microplastics from Personal Care Products and Cosmetics 22810.7 Worldwide Bans on Microbeads in PCPs and Cosmetics 24610.8 Conclusions 24811 Study on Microplastic Content in Cosmetic Products and Their Detrimental Effect on Human Health 253Venkatramana Losetty, Gosu Nageswara Reddy, C. Hazarathaiah Yadav and K. Sivakumar11.1 Introduction 25311.2 Cosmetic Products in India 25511.3 Source of Plastics and Microplastics 25611.4 Uptake and Bio-Accumulation of Microplastics 25711.5 Effect of Microplastic Exposure on Human Health 25811.6 Alternatives of Microplastics in Cosmetic Products 26011.7 Conclusions 26212 Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Human Genome 265Priyadarshi Mukherjee, Ananya Ghosal, Chayani Mukherjee, Ahana Bhaduri and Mukesh Singh12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Source of Micro- and Nanoplastics 26612.3 Pathways Through Which Micro- and Nanoplastics Enter the Food Chain 27012.4 Harmful Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Human Health 27212.5 Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics on the Genome of Humans 27412.6 Toxic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics 27612.6.1 Several Toxic Effects of Nano- and Microplastics 27712.7 Case Study on a Small Regional Place of India (Puducherry) 27812.8 Conclusion 27813 Harmful Effects of Plastics, Microplastics, and Nanoplastics 285Niharika Kulshrestha and Anjani Kumar Rai13.1 Introduction 28513.2 Generation of MPs and NPs 28613.3 Techniques for MP and NP Measurement 28713.4 Various Methods for the Degradation of Plastics 28913.5 Harmful Effects of Plastics, Microplastics, and Nanoplastics 29013.6 Measures to Avoid the Further Extension of Harmful Effects of Plastics, Microplastics, and Nanoplastics 29313.7 Conclusions 29414 Hazardous Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Marine Environment 301Smithi Vibha Toppo, Rakesh Gunasekhar, Revathi Ravind and Shinomol George Kunnel14.1 Introduction 30114.2 Fate and Sources of Microplastics 30414.3 Minimizing the Microplastics in the Environment 30914.4 Severance of Microplastics from Water and Sediments 31014.5 Marine Microbial Strains Associated in Degrading Microplastics 31114.6 Work Done in our Laboratory 31314.7 Conclusions 31315 Human Toxicity of Nano- and Microplastics 321Arely A. Cruz Salas, Maribel Velasco Perez, Ana Laura Tecorralco Bobadilla, Alethia Vázquez Morillas and Rosa María Espinosa Valdemar15.1 Introduction 32115.2 Basic Toxicology Concepts 32215.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Evaluation of Toxicity in Humans 32315.4 Toxicity Studies With Nano- and Microplastics 33015.5 Toxicity of Nano- and Microplastic Reported in the Literature 33215.6 Conclusions 33716 Plastic-Related Chemicals: Occurrence in Environment and Ecotoxicological Impacts 347Diana Rede, Cristina Delerue-Matos and Virgínia Cruz Fernandes16.1 Introduction 34716.2 Plasticizers 34916.3 Flame Retardants 35816.4 Human Exposure to Flame Retardants 36716.5 Conclusion 36917 The Invisible Threat: Micronanoplastic Materials 375Anupama Rajput, Shagufta Jabin, Sadiqa Abbas and Prachika Rajput17.1 Introduction 37517.2 Microplastic and Toxic Chemicals 37717.3 Organic Pollutants 37817.4 Microplastic Toxic Chemical Interaction 38217.5 Toxicity to Human 38517.6 Toxicity to Environment 38617.7 Impact of MiNaPs on Marine Environment and Terrestrial Habitat 38717.8 Conclusion 38818 Comparative Analysis of the Toxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics along with Nanoparticles on the Ecosystem 399Pooja Mohapatra, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee, Bigyan Ranjan Jali, Aruna Kumar Barick and Priyaranjan Mohapatra18.1 Introduction 39918.2 Literature Survey 40218.3 Exposure to Ecosystem and Translocation 40318.4 Challenges and Precautions 41118.5 Conclusions 41219 Methods for Micro- and Nanoplastic Analysis 415Veronice Slusarski-Santana, Melissa Longen Panatto, Fernanda Rengel dos Passos, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Leila Denise Fiorentin-Ferrari and Mônica Lady Fiorese19.1 Introduction 41519.2 Micro- and Nanoplastics: Source, Occurrence, and Risks 41719.3 Pre-Treatment of Micro- and Nanoplastic Samples 41919.4 Methods for Characterization, Identification, and Quantification of Micro- and Nanoplastics 42319.5 Conclusions 45920 New Approaches for Micro(Nano)Plastics Analysis 471elkamu Biyana Regasa20.1 Introduction 47120.2 Global Plastic Production and Its Waste Generation 47220.3 Sources and Health Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics 47320.4 Sample Collection Methods 47520.5 Emerging Analytical Approaches 47720.6 Single Analytical Methods 47720.7 Hyphenated Analytical Techniques 48120.8 Current Trends and Future Perspectives 48320.9 Conclusions 48421 Enzyme-Catalyzed Biodegradation of Micro- and Nanoplastics 493Masoud Salehipour, Shahla Rezaei, Ali Motaharian, Shokoufeh Nikpour, Mohammad Shaban and Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari21.1 Introduction 49321.2 Degradation of Plastics 49521.3 Enzyme-Based Degradation of Plastics 49721.4 Conclusion 50122 Remediation Strategies for Micro(Nano)Plastics 505Aylin Geraldine Rodríguez Villa, Sheila Liliana Dafne Lobato Rocha, Jocelyn Tapia Flores, Juan Carlos Álvarez Zeferino and Arely Areanely Cruz Salas22.1 Introduction 50522.2 Methods for the Removal of Micro(Nano)Plastics from the Environment 50622.3 Comparison of Different Removal Methods 53122.4 Prevention and Reduction of Microplastic Pollution 53322.5 Conclusions 53523 Removal of Microplastics and Nanoplastics From Water 541J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado23.1 Introduction 54123.2 Sponge/Aerogel Materials to Remove MPs and NPs 54223.3 Materials With Metals to Remove MPs and NPs 54423.4 Biochar as Material to Remove the MPs and NPs 54523.5 Additional Materials to Remove MPs and NPs 54723.6 Conclusion 54824 Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Systems 553Alsha Subash and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian24.1 Introduction 55324.2 A Theoretical Assessment of MP and NP Migration and Fate Aquatic Environment 55524.3 Pollution in Marine Environment 55624.4 Toxicity Comparison of MPs and NPs 55924.5 Regulatory Policy 56924.6 Environmental Implication and Conclusion 569Acknowledgments 570References 571Index 575