Thermochemical Processing of Biomass

EditorRobert C. Brown, Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Series EditorChristian Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

• List of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix1 Introduction to Thermochemical Processing of Biomass into Fuels, Chemicals, and Power 1Xiaolei Zhang and Robert C. Brown1.1 Introduction 11.2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 51.2.1 Direct Combustion 51.2.2 Gasification 61.2.3 Pyrolysis 71.2.4 Solvent Liquefaction 81.3 Diversity of Products: Electric Power, Transportation Fuels, and Commodity Chemicals 81.3.1 Biopower 91.3.2 Biofuels 101.3.3 Bio-Based Chemicals 111.4 Economic Considerations 111.5 Environmental Considerations 121.6 Organization of This Book 13References 142 Condensed Phase Reactions During Thermal Deconstruction 17Jake K. Lindstrom, Alexander Shaw, Xiaolei Zhang, and Robert C. Brown2.1 Introduction to Condensed Phase Reactions During Thermal Deconstruction of Biomass 172.2 Thermochemical Processes 192.2.1 Processes Yielding Chiefly Solids 202.2.2 Processes Yielding Chiefly Liquids 222.2.3 Processes Yielding Chiefly Gases 242.3 Understanding Condensed Phase Reactions 282.3.1 Challenges in Investigating Condensed Phase Reactions 282.3.2 The Role of Cell Wall Structure in Thermal Deconstruction 302.3.3 Use of Computational Chemistry to Understand Thermal Deconstruction 342.4 Conclusions 41References 423 Biomass Combustion 49Bryan M. Jenkins, Larry L. Baxter, and Jaap Koppejan3.1 Introduction 503.2 Combustion Systems 513.2.1 Fuels 513.2.2 Types of Combustors 533.3 Fundamentals of Biomass Combustion 593.3.1 Combustion Properties of Biomass 593.3.2 Combustion Stoichiometry 653.3.3 Equilibrium 683.3.4 Rates of Reaction 683.4 Pollutant Emissions and Environmental Impacts 713.4.1 Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur 723.4.2 Products of Incomplete Combustion 743.4.3 Particulate Matter 743.4.4 Dioxin-Like Compounds 743.4.5 Heavy Metals 763.4.6 Radioactive Species 763.4.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 77References 774 Gasification 85Karl M. Broer and Chad Peterson4.1 Introduction 854.1.1 History of Gasification 854.1.2 Gasification Terminology 874.2 Fundamentals of Gasification 884.2.1 Heating and Drying 894.2.2 Pyrolysis 894.2.3 Gas–Solid Reactions 904.2.4 Gas-Phase Reactions 914.3 Feed Properties 914.4 Classifying Gasifiers According to Method of Heating 954.4.1 Air-Blown Gasifiers 954.4.2 Oxygen/Steam-Blown Gasifiers 964.4.3 Indirectly Heated Gasifiers 964.5 Classifying Gasifiers According to Transport Processes 984.5.1 Fixed Bed 994.5.2 Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) 1014.5.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) 1034.5.4 Entrained Flow 1044.6 Pressurized Gasification 1064.7 Products of Gasification 1064.7.1 Gaseous Products 1064.7.2 Char and Tar 1094.8 System Applications 1104.8.1 Process Heat 1104.8.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 1174.8.3 Fuel and Chemical Synthesis 117Acknowledgement 118References 1185 Syngas Cleanup, Conditioning, and Utilization 125David C. Dayton, Brian Turk, and Raghubir Gupta5.1 Introduction 1255.2 Syngas Cleanup and Conditioning 1265.2.1 Particulates 1285.2.2 Sulfur 1305.2.3 Ammonia Decomposition and HCN Removal 1325.2.4 Alkalis and Heavy Metals 1325.2.5 Chlorides 1335.2.6 Tars and Soot 1345.3 Syngas Utilization 1375.3.1 Syngas to Gaseous Fuels 1385.3.2 Syngas to Liquid Fuels 1455.4 Summary and Conclusions 159References 1646 Fast Pyrolysis 175Robbie H. Venderbosch6.1 Introduction 1756.2 Fundamentals of Pyrolysis 1756.2.1 Effects of the Chemical and Physical Structure of Biomass and Intermediate Products 1766.2.2 Effects of Ash 1796.3 Properties of Pyrolysis Liquids 1846.4 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies 1866.4.1 Ensyn (CFB) 1866.4.2 Valmet/UPM (CFB) 1886.4.3 BTG-BtL (Rotating-cone) 1886.4.4 Dynamotive Technologies Corp 1906.5 Applications of Pyrolysis Liquids 1926.5.1 Combustion 1926.5.2 Diesel Engines 1936.5.3 Co-refining Options 1946.5.4 Gasification 1996.6 Chemicals 2006.7 Catalytic Pyrolysis 2026.8 Concluding Remarks 202Acknowledgement 203References 2037 Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Liquids 207Karl O. Albrecht, Mariefel V. Olarte, and Huamin Wang7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Bio-oil Characteristics and Quality 2087.2.1 Feedstock Factors Affecting Bio-oil Characteristics 2097.2.2 Effect of Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Bio-oil Composition 2107.2.3 Need for Upgrading Bio-oil 2117.3 Norms and Standards 2127.4 Physical Pre-treatment of Bio-oil 2137.4.1 Physical Filtration 2137.4.2 Solvent Addition 2137.4.3 Fractionation 2147.5 Catalytic Hydrotreating 2147.5.1 Stabilization Through Low Temperature Hydrotreating 2147.5.2 Deep Hydrotreating 2177.6 Vapor Phase Upgrading via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 2187.6.1 CFP Chemistry 2217.6.2 Key Factors Impacting Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 2217.6.3 Practical Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 2237.7 Other Upgrading Strategies 2237.7.1 Liquid Bio-oil Zeolite Upgrading and Co-processing in FCC 2237.7.2 Reactions with Alcohols 2277.8 Products 2287.8.1 Liquid Transportation Fuel Properties 2287.8.2 Chemicals 2327.8.3 Hydrogen Production 2357.9 Summary 235References 2388 Solvent Liquefaction 257Arpa Ghosh and Martin R. Haverly8.1 Introduction 2578.1.1 Definition of Solvent Liquefaction 2578.1.2 History of Solvent Liquefaction 2578.2 Feedstocks for Solvent Liquefaction 2598.2.1 Feedstock Types 2598.2.2 Benefits of Liquid Phase Processing 2598.2.3 Reaction Types 2618.2.4 Processing Conditions 2628.3 Target Products 2638.3.1 Bio-oil 2638.3.2 Production of Fuels and Chemicals 2648.3.3 Co-products 2658.4 Processing Solvents 2658.4.1 Inorganic Solvents 2688.4.2 Polar Protic Solvents 2718.4.3 Polar Aprotic Solvents 2748.4.4 Ionic Liquids 2768.4.5 Non-Polar Solvents 2778.4.6 Influence of Process Conditions 2788.5 Solvent Effects 2838.5.1 Physical Effects 2838.5.2 Solubility Effects 2848.5.3 Structural Effects 2878.5.4 Chemical Effects 2878.6 Engineering Challenges 2928.6.1 High Pressure Feed Systems 2928.6.2 Separation of Solid Residue 2938.6.3 Solvent Recovery and Recycle 2938.7 Conclusions 294References 2949 Hybrid Processing 307Zhiyou Wen and Laura R. Jarboe9.1 Introduction 3079.2 Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Fermentative Substrates 3089.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis for Production of Pyrolytic Substrates 3089.2.2 Gasification of Biomass for Syngas Production 3099.3 Biological Conversion of Fermentative Substrates into Fuels and Chemicals 3109.3.1 Fermentation of Pyrolytic Substrates 3109.3.2 Fermentation of Syngas 3139.4 Challenges of Hybrid Processing and Mitigation Strategies 3189.4.1 Pyrolysis–Fermentation Process 3189.4.2 Gasification–Syngas Fermentation Process 3209.5 Efforts in Commercialization of Hybrid Processing 3229.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 323References 32310 Costs of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Power and Liquid Fuels 337Mark M. Wright and Tristan Brown10.1 Introduction 33710.2 Electric Power Generation 33810.2.1 Direct Combustion to Power 33810.2.2 Gasification to Power 33910.2.3 Fast Pyrolysis to Power 33910.3 Liquid Fuels via Gasification 34010.3.1 Gasification to Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 34010.3.2 Gasification to Mixed Alcohols 34110.3.3 Gasification to Gasoline 34210.3.4 Gasification and Syngas Fermentation to Ethanol 34310.3.5 Gasification and Syngas Fermentation to PHA and Co-product Hydrogen 34310.4 Liquid Fuels via Fast Pyrolysis 34410.4.1 Fast Pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing 34410.4.2 Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing 34510.4.3 Fast Pyrolysis and Gasification to Fuels 34610.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-oil Fermentation to Ethanol 34610.5 Liquid Fuels via Direct Liquefaction 34810.6 Liquid Fuels via Esterification 34910.7 Summary and Conclusions 349References 35011 Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Performance of Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 355Eskinder Demisse Gemechu, Adetoyese Olajire Oyedun, Edson Norgueira Jr., and Amit Kumar11.1 Introduction 35511.2 Life Cycle Assessment 35611.2.1 Introduction to LCA and Life Cycle Thinking 35611.2.2 Goal and Scope Definition 35711.2.3 Life Cycle Inventory 35711.2.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 35811.2.5 Life Cycle Interpretation 35911.2.6 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses 35911.3 LCA of Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 36011.3.1 Overview of the Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 36011.3.2 The Use of LCA to Promote Low Carbon Technologies 36011.3.3 Review of LCA Studies on Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 36011.4 Discussion on the Application of LCA for Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 36911.4.1 Establishing Goal and Scope 36911.4.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 37011.4.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 37111.5 Conclusions 372Acknowledgements 373References 373Index 379