International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration Volume 3

Jay M. Shafritz, Jr., professor of public and international affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, is the author of over three dozen text and reference books on various aspects of government, management, and public administration, including Classics of Public Administration, Classics of Organization Theory, Introducing Public Administration, The HarperCollins Dictionary of American Government and Politics, The Dictionary of Twentieth Century World Politics, Words on War, and Shakespeare on Management .

• 1. Labor Law 2. Labor Movement 3. Labor Organization 4. Labor Organizer 5. Labor Relations 6. Labor-Management Cooperation 7. Laboratory Training and T (Training)-Groups 8. Lambert Commission 9. Latin American Administrative Tradition 10. Layoffs 11. Leadership 12. Leadership, Agential 13. Leave Policy 14. Legal Services 15. Level Playing Field 16. Lewin, Kurt 17. Lindblom, Charles E. 18. Line-Item Budget 19. Line-Item Veto 20. Line and Staff Conflict 21. Loan Guarantees 22. Lobbying 23. Local Governments 24. Local Government Budgeting 25. Local Government Leadership 26. Logistics 27. Lotteries 28. Luhmannian Perspectives on Public Administration and Policy 29. Lying with Statistics 30. Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernado dei 31. Machinery of Government 32. Machinery of Government, Australia 33. Malaysian Administrative Tradition 34. Management Audit 35. Management by Fear 36. Management by Objectives (MBO) 37. Management Control 38. Management Information System (MIS) 39. Management Science 40. Management Accounting 41. Management, Contingency 42. Management, Principles of 43. Managerialism 44. Mandates 45. Manhattan Project 46. Markup 47. Market Socialism 48. Market Testing 49. Martial Law 50. Maslow, Abraham H. 51. Master of Public Administration (MPA) 52. Masters of Nonprofit Management 53. Matrix Organization 54. McGregor, Douglas M. 55. Mediating Institutions 56. Mentoring 57. Merit System 58. Metaphor, Organizational 59. Metropolitan Organization 60. Mexican Administrative Tradition 61. Microeconomic Reform 62. Micromanagement 63. Middle Management 64. Miles's Law 65. Military-Industrial Complex 66. Ministerial Advisers 67. Ministerial Responsibility 68. Minority Set-Aside 69. Mission Statement 70. Mixed Economy 71. Monash, Sir John 72. Monetary Policy 73. Monnet, Jean 74. Morale 75. Moses, Robert 76. Motivation-Hygiene Theory 77. Muckrakers 78. Muddling Through 79. Multicommunity Partnerships 80. Multiculturalism 81. Multiculturalism Policy 82. Municipal Bonds 83. Municipal Bonds: Policy and Strategy 84. Municipal Bonds: Security 85. Municipal Housekeeping 86. Municipal Research Bureaus 87. Mutual Benefit Organization 88. National Charities Information Bureau (NCIB) 89. National Interest 90. National Security 91. National Society of Fund Raising Executives 92. Nationalization 93. Natural Law 94. Natural Resource Policy 95. Needs Assessment 96. Neighborhood-Based Organizations 97. Neocorporatism 98. Nepotism 99. New Public Management 100. New Urbanism 101. New Zealand Model 102. Noblesse Oblige 103. Nondistribution Constraint 104. Nonfeasance 105. Nongovernmental Organization 106. Nonprofit Entrepreneurship 107. Nonprofit Organization 108. Nonprofit Sector Research Fund 109. Northcote-Trevelyan Report 110. Objective Setting 111. Occupational Safety and Health 112. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 113. Off-Budget 114. Official Immunity 115. Offsetting Collections 116. Omar Ibn-Al-Khattab 117. Ombudsman 118. Opportunity Cost 119. Optimizing Principles 120. Organization Development 121. Organization Theory 122. Organizational Architecture 123. Organizational Behavior 124. Organizational Change 125. Organizational Culture 126. Organizational Learning 127. Organizational Psychodynamics 128. Organizational Renewal 129. Organizational Trust 130. Original Intent 131. Outsourcing 132. Parkinson's Law 133. Parliamentary Appropriation 134. Parliamentary Procedure 135. Parliamentary Scrutiny 136. Parliamentary System 137. Parole 138. Participation Management 139. Patronage 140. Pay-for-Performance 141. Performance Appraisal 142. Performance Audit 143. Performance Budget 144. Performance Indicator 145. Performance Management 146. Performance Measurement 147. Permanent Secretary 148. Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition 149. Personal Integrity 150. PERT 151. Peter Principle 152. Philanthropic Advisory Service 153. Philanthropy 154. Philanthropy, Historical and Philosophical Foundations 155. Picketing 156. Pillarization 157. Planning, Programming, Budgeting System (PPBS) 158. Plowden Report 159. Pluralism 160. Police Administration 161. Police Review Board 162. Policy 163. Policy Advice 164. Policy Analysis 165. Policy Leadership 166. Policy Monitoring 167. Policy Network 168. Policy Studies 169. Political Commissar 170. Political Economy 171. Political Machine 172. Political Neutrality 173. Politics-Administration Dichotomy 174. Position Classification 175. Positivism 176. Post-Communist Budgeting 177. Postmodern Organization 178. Poverty 179. Practice of Public Administration 180. Pragmatism 181. Prices and Incomes Policy 182. Primary Jurisdiction 183. Prime Minister's Office 184. Private Foundation 185. Privatization 186. Privy Council 187. Privy Council Office 188. Procurement 189. Productivity 190. Productivity Politics 191. Productivity Savings 192. Profession 193. Professionalism 194. Program Budgeting 195. Progressive Movement 196. Project Control 197. Project Management 198. Property Tax 199. Prostitution Policy 200. Province 201. Public Administration 202. Public Administration Committee 203. Public Administration Education 204. Public Administration Journals 205. Public Administration, New 206. Public Affairs 207. Public Assistance 208. Public Authorities 209. Public Broadcasting 210. Public Choice 211. Public Enterprise 212. Public Goods 213. Public Hearing 214. Public Management 215. Public Pensions (Retirement) 216. Public Personnel Administration 217. Public Policy Analysis 218. Public Policy Entrepreneur 219. Public Sector Administrative Reforms 220. Public Sector Engineering 221. Public Service 222. Public Trust 223. Public Welfare 224. Qualified Immunity 225. Quality Awards in Europe 226. Quality Circles 227. Quality Control 228. Quality Improvement 229. Quality of Work Life (QWL) 230. QUANGOs (Quasi-Autonomous, Non-Governmental Organizations) 231. Quasi-Governmental 232. Quasi-Judicial Power 233. Quiet Expenditures