Elgar Encyclopedia of Retailing

Edited by Camal Gallouj, Professor of Management Science, Director of the CEPN Laboratory, University Sorbonne Paris Nord and Faïz Gallouj, Professor of Economics and member of CLERSE-CNRS, University of Lille, France, and founder of the European Review of Service Economics and Management

• ContentsPreface and acknowledgments xvList of contributors viiPART 1: RETAIL FORMS, FORMATS, ORGANISATION, AND CLASSIFICATION1.1 Retail definitions, functions and channels, and controversiesClassifications, typologies, and ownership in retailing 3Camal GalloujFrom multichannel to omnichannel retailing 12Huan Liu and Peter C. VerhoefLivestreamers and e-commerce: characteristics and challenges 18John R. Bryson and Yinghao ZhangMisconceptions and myths about retailing 21Faiz Gallouj and Camal GalloujPhygital retail: the convergence between physical and digital 27Cristina Mele and Tiziana Russo SpenaRetailing: definition and functions 31Camal GalloujThe theories of marketing channels 37Marc Filser(The) worlds of retailing 41Camal Gallouj and Souheila Kaabachi1.2 The diversity of retail institutionsCorners, shop-in-shop, and store-within-a-store 46Alexander Rosado Serrano and Antonio Navarro GarciaDark stores 50Aaron ShapiroDrive: between store and warehouse 52Dany Vyt and Magali JaraE-commerce, digital commerce, and online shopping 56Fiona Ellis-ChadwickFrom individual stores to clusters and commercial complexes 61Camal GalloujNon-store-based retailing: a synthesis 65Faridah Djellal, Camal Gallouj, and Faïz GalloujPop-up stores, temporaries, and ephemerals 73Mark S. RosenbaumQ-commerce: characteristics and challenges 75John R. BrysonRetail kiosks and automatic vending machines 78Florence Rodhain and Camal GalloujStore-based retail institutions: a synthesis 82Faridah Djellal,Camal Gallouj, and Faïz GalloujUrban and open-air markets 89Nathalie Lemarchand1.3 Retail sub-sectors and specific markets and offersAirport retailing 91Paul FreathyThe automotive after-sales market: parts sales, repair, and servicing 94Sascha Bopp and Saïda GalloujCharity retailing 101Nicholas Catahan, Neil Robinson, and Crispin DaleFarm retailing 104Paul FreathyFashion retailing 106Patsy PerryRetailing in hospitals vs. hospitals in retailing 111Camal Gallouj, Naïla Gallouj, and Florence RodhainLuxury retailing: channels and distribution modes 118Michel Chevalier and Michel GutsatzRetail gasoline markets 124Michael D. NoelTourism shopping and retailing 127Nathalie LemarchandThe worlds of retail pharmacies and their evolution 129Walter Bataglia, Camal Gallouj, and Samira Guennif1.4 Franchise, franchising, and the mallConflicts and conflicts management in franchising networks 137Aveed RahaFranchising 141Rozenn PerrigotManagement of franchise chains 145Rozenn PerrigotRelationship governance in franchising 147Nabil GhantousThe shopping mall and its customers 150Camal Gallouj, Pradeep Kautish, and Arpita KhareTheories of franchising: theories for franchising 155Camal Gallouj, Mourad Chouki, and Celine VialaThe ups and downs of shopping mall: A historical evolution 157Karine Picot-Coupey and Nina KreyPART 2: RETAIL HISTORY, RETAIL ECONOMICS, STRATEGY, AND PERFORMANCES2.1 Retail history, retail in historyClarence Saunders, the Piggly Wiggly saga, and self-service 164Camal Gallouj and Faiz GalloujDaily markets in the Middle Ages 167Isabelle TheillerThe history of cross-border shopping 170Sarah ElvinsThe history of department stores 173Sarah ElvinsIbn Khaldun, retailing, and the retailer 178Faiz Gallouj and Camal GalloujThe invention of the shopping cart 181Catherine GrandclémentMail order and distance selling 183Christine LiefoogheMerchants and the sacred: Jesus’ cleansing of the Temple 188Florence RodhainRetailing in France before 1850 191Luc MarcoRetailing in the UK between 1700 and 1850 195Ian MitchellShops, shopkeepers, and shopping streets of ancient Rome 198Rhodora G. VennarucciSupermarkets: origin and developmental milestones 201Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj2.2 Retail economics and strategyAgent-based modelling in retailing research 207Benoît DesmarchelierAnsoff’s matrix applied to retailing 209Camal Gallouj and Mohamed Ali AbdelwahedConcentration and levels of concentration in retailing 213Michael WatersonDifferentiation strategies in retailing 216Camal Gallouj and Raouf JaziriDiversification strategies in retailing 219Enrico CollaDynamic capabilities and the retail sector 222Gulsun AltintasEconomies of scope in retailing 224Florin Maican and Matilda OrthEntry barriers in retailing 227Benoît DesmarchelierGrowth strategies in retailing: organic vs. inorganic 229Boualem Aliouat and Camal GalloujImperfect competition in retailing 233Marie -Laure Allain and Claire ChambolleMergers and acquisitions in retailing 237Magali Jara and Dany DanyVytStrategic alliances and their impact on retailing 239Carlos Galera-Zarco2.3 Productivity and performancesAccounting and control in retailing 246Didier BensadonBeyond productivity: the many worlds of performance in retailing 250Faiz Gallouj, Camal Gallouj, and Marie-Hélène ViglianoDistributive trade in National Accounts 258Damien BroussollePerformance criteria of the assortment 262Dany Vyt and Valerie RenaudinProductivity and performance in retailing 264Dany VytThe structure and scope of the trade section with ISIC rev. 5 267Damien BroussollePART 3: RETAIL MARKETING AND STORE UNIT MANAGEMENT3.1 Retail design and store layoutNon-store selling environment and web atmosphere 271Jean-François LemoineOnline and e-merchandising 274Inmaculada J. Martínez MartínezPhysical and social servicescapes in retail stores 278Chloé Baillod, Mikèle Landry, and Olivier FurrerStore architecture 281Jean SoumagneStore atmosphere and multisensory experiences 286Aicha Kallel, Norchene Ben Dahmane Mouelhi, and Zaineb RekikStore design: objectives and elements 291Claus EbsterVirtual stores 296Cindy Lombart, Olga Untilov, and Philippine Loupiac3.2 Retail assortment and brand managementAssortment variety and retail strategy 302Roland HerrmannBasic and functional characteristics of the assortment 306Yolande PirisDNVBs (Digital Native Vertical Brands) 309Sabrina Hombourger-Barès and Maryline SchultzModels of assortment analysis and choice 311Roland HerrmannOptimising retail assortments 316Juan Carlos Gázquez-AbadPrivate labels: objectives and challenges for retail chains 320Samy Belaid and Jérôme LacoeuilheRetail brand and social media 327Mbaye Fall DialloRetail brand equity and its dimensions 330Samy Belaid and Jérôme Lacoeuilhe3.3 Retail pricingPrices bargaining and haggling in traditional markets 335Camal Gallouj and Florence RodhainBuy-now-pay-later (BNPL) 341Ruffin Relja, Anita Lifen Zhao, and Philippa WardCompetitor price monitoring 345Aaron ShapiroConsumer’s knowledge of retail prices 348Marc VanhuelePrice image in retail management 350Alexander Chernev and Ryan HamiltonPrice logics between producer and retailer 353Erick Leroux3.4 Retail promotion and communicationCelebrity endorsement in retailing 356Gaëlle Pantin-Sohier, Alice Sohier, and Romainr SohieIn-store communication via digital media 359Sabina RiboldazziMobile coupons 362Jean Marc LehuNostalgia in retailing 364Süphan NasirRetail communication: objectives and areas of focus 368Ghizlane Benjamaa and Camal GalloujRetail communication: tools and resources 372Lilia Smaoui and Marie-Hélène ViglianoSales promotion, promotional technics, and evaluation 379Didier Louis, Cindy Lombart, and Camal GalloujStore flyers 386Aïda Mimouni Chaabane3.5 Retailing and servicesThe experience economy and retailing 389Jon SundboFrom retail industrialisation to retail servitisation 392Jose Albors-GarrigósQuality and service quality in retailing 396Emel YarimogluRetail service failure and recovery 399Chiara Orsingher and Angelo ManaresiSDL and retailing: SDL in retailing 403Angeline Nariswari, Stephen L. Vargo, and Matthew O’BrienThe service dimensions of retailing 409Camal Gallouj, Faïz Gallouj, and Gilberto PerezService logics and trajectories in the retail sector 416Philippe MoatiPART 4: RETAIL EMPLOYMENT AND HRM4.1 Economic and social dimension of retail employmentEmployment in retail trade 421José A. Camacho and Mercedes RodríguezFrom customer experience to sales experience 426Samira Mahlaoui and Jean-Paul CadetHuman resource management and retail employment 432John R. BrysonLabour conflicts in retail 437Mathieu HocqueletSunday shopping, the lost of the day to synchronise society 443Jean-Yves Boulin and Laurent LesnardTrade unions and technological developments in retailing 447Arianna Marcolin and Stefano GasparriWork-life balance in the retail sector 452Yvan BarelWorking in the retail sector 456Ulrik Brandi4.2 HRM and employee categorisation and behaviourCare management strategies in retailing 461Francesca SerravalleDigitalisation and the mutation of sales adviser’s profession 464Régine VanheemsDisabled employees in retailing 468Corentin Le BotEmotional work and emotional competencies in retailing 470Brian N. Rutherford and Leann G. RutherfordEmployee theft in retailing 474Camal GalloujRetail employees commitment in the workplace 479Mathieu HocqueletSenior employment in retailing 482Philippe FacheWomen in retailing 485Sophia Belghiti-Mahut and Ziad MalasPART 5: RETAILING AND THE CONSUMER5.1 Consumer characteristicsAgeing consumers and e-commerce 491Maria Rybaczewska and Leigh SparkConsumer culture theory (CCT): contributions to retailing research 494Simo P. E. Lehtovirta and Eric J. ArnouldConsumer poverty and retail 499Eva DelacroixElderly consumers and large-scale retailing 502Abdelmajid AmineThe luxury consumer 507Camal GalloujMaghrebi ethnic shoppers in the French context 513Fatima Regany and Luca M. ViscontiResponsible consumers? 517Amélie Clauzel and Nathalie GuichardRetail domination and consumer acculturation 520Ahmad JamalRetailing and Muslim consumer 524Ahmad JamalRetail interactions of low-literate, low-income consumers 528Madhu Viswanathan and Ashley GorecznyVulnerable consumer inclusion and retailer’s benefits 531Abdelmajid AmineWomen in the souks and the souks for women 535Camal Gallouj and Abdessamad Rhalimi5.2 Consumer behaviourConsumer decision-making and the purchasing process 538Maria RybaczewskaThe consumer empowerment paradox in emerging countries 544Camal Gallouj and Amira El NaggareCRM process and paradox in CRM programmes in retailing 549Pierre VolleCustomer and consumer mobile journey 552Martine DeparisCustomer-to-customer interactions in retailing 555Mikèle Landry, Chloé Baillod, and Olivier FurrerGrocery shopping list and the consumer 558Oden H. Groth and Lauren BlockImpulse buying: online vs. offline 560El Hassan LaachachLoyalty programmes in retailing 567Aïda Mimouni ChaabaneLuxury brand stores and customers’ search for delight 573Hannele Kauppinen-Räisänen, Marika Taishoff,and Hans MühlbacherRetail crowding 576Karen Machleit and Sevgin ErogluRetail therapy 578Nicolas Da Silva and Camal GalloujRethinking consumer production in large-scale retailing 582Bernard Cova and Maud HerbertShopping motives and behaviour 587Amelie Clauzel and Nathalie GuichardThe showrooming phenomenon 592Sandrine Heitz-Spahn and Lydie BelaudSocial factors influencing the buying process 595Amelie Clauzel and Nathalie GuichardStore choice behaviour: from store image and positioning to store selection 599Abdelmajid AmineTime in retailing 605Souad DjelassiAnti-consumerist movement and retailing 608Ahmed Benmecheddal and Nil Özçaglar-Toulouse 5.3 Alternative consumption and consumer misbehaviourConsumer alternative consumption 612Aya Aboelenien, Chau Minh Nguyen, Marcelo Vinhal Nepomuceno, and Yany GrégoireConsumer brand sabotage in retailing 615Bettina Nyffenegger and Andrea Giuffredi-KährConsumer deviance and misbehaviour 618Markus FellessonConsumer resistance and revenge in the marketplace 622Chau Minh Nguyen, Marcelo Vinhal Nepomuceno, Aya Aboelenien, and Yany GrégoireRetailing and boycotts 625Karine CisséShoplifting and customer theft in retailing 628Fella DadaStore switching 635Sebastiano GrandiPART 6: BUYING, SOURCING, SUPPLY CHAIN, AND LOGISTICS6.1 Buying and buying mattersBrand referencing and delisting in retailing 640Léopold LessassyE-marketplaces: reflecting on evolution over two decades 642Teck-Yong EngE-procurement in retailing 645Farooq Habib and Michael BourlakisInternational retail buying groups 648Enrico CollaOrganisation of the purchasing and supply function 651Micheline J. NaudePurchasing and supply management: challenges posed to retailers 655Micheline J. NaudeSourcing strategies and practices in retailing 658Remko van Hoek6.2 Supply chain and logisticsBlockchain in retailing 662Gilles PachéCity logistics and last-mile delivery management 667Gilles PachéCollaborative dimensions of ECR (Efficient Consumer Response) 673Gilles PachéConsumer-to-consumer supply chains: consumption without retailers? 678Valentina Carbone and Aurélien RouquetDigital twin-driven smart retail logistics 682Daniel ThielGreen supply chain management 686Emel AktasInformation, information systems, and supply chain management 689Karine SamuelLogistic models for distribution 695Dorsaf Zouari and Blandine AgeronLogistics outsourcing in the distribution sector 701Emel AktasProduct returns in omnichannel retail 704Regina Frei, Danni Zhang, and Felipe MerlanoThe retail supply chain 709Leigh SparksRetailer supplier relationships 712George MaglarasPART 7: RETAIL SPACES AND TERRITORIES, INTERNATIONALISATION OF RETAILING7.1 Retail location–retail spacesGeomarketing and retail location 719Jerome BarayLocation decision of a retailer and influencing factors 724Jerome BarayManagement of retail networks 730Magali ChaudeyRailway station retailing, retailing around railway stations 735Arnaud GasnierRetail and the high street 738Leigh SparksRetail geography 740Bernadette Mérenne-SchoumakerRetail in rural areas 746Jean SoumagneRetail location theories and models 751Gérard CliquetRetailing and urban regeneration 756Timothy J. DixonSmart cities and retailing 760Arnaud Gasnier7.2 International of retailingEntry modes and strategies in retail international markets 763Camal GalloujFranchising and internationalisation of retailing 769Odile J. StreedInternational retail divestment 773Steve BurtMotivations for and obstacles to the internationalisation of retail firms 776Camal Gallouj and Khalissa SemaouneThe process of retail internationalisation 783Daniele Pederzoli and Lanlan CaoSelecting and evaluating international retail markets 786Camal Gallouj and Varaporn SaninmoolStandardisation vs. adaptation dilemma in international retailing 792Susana C. SilvaSuccess factors in retail internationalisation 795Steve BurtTheories of retail internationalisation 799Anne Marie Doherty and Nicholas Alexander7.3 Emerging and developing countries: the main challengesGlobal franchising in emerging markets around 805Cintya Lanchimba and Muriel FadairoMalls in emerging countries 809Tarik HarroudThe modernisation of the food retail sector in emerging countries 813Abdelmajid AmineMoul’hanout or the mom-and-pop store in MENA: the case of Morocco 818Camal Gallouj and Moulaye Abd el Kader Moulaye IsmailRetailing’s evolution in emerging and developing regions 824Rachel Bahn , Florent Saucede , Fatiha Fort, and Foued CherietSouks, souikat, and the bazaar: the other faces of traditional retailing 829Camal Gallouj, Ouahraoui Fatima, and Ouhna LailaTransnational retailing and host economic impacts 835Elmar Kulke and Lech SuwalaPART 8: INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN RETAILING8.1 Innovation: theories, forms, and dynamicsAlertness, innovation, and digital commerce 844Henrique SchneiderBarriers to innovation in retailing 848Jonathan ReynoldsCo-innovation in retailing 851Jose Albors-Garrigós.Innovation drivers in retailing 856Batul Abu Qdairi, Eleonora Pantano, and Ana JavornikThe “innovative” retail entrepreneur 861Camal Gallouj and Celine VialaRD and patents in retailing 865Eleonora PantanoRetail employee’s role in innovation 868Esa HiltunenTheories and models of innovation and institutional change in retailing: a synthesis 871Camal Gallouj and Faiz GalloujTime constraints and innovation logics in retailing 880Camal Gallouj and Faiz GalloujToward a South-generated logic in retail innovation 885Camal Gallouj and Faïz GalloujTypologies of innovation in retailing 891Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj8.2 Technology and retailing – technologies in retailingAugmented and virtual realities in online retailing 900Francesca Serravalle and Milena ViassoneGrab Go: the emergence of automatic and autonomous shops 902Florence Rodhain and Camal GalloujIn-store technologies and their impact 905Taeshik GongIT and innovation in retailing 909Richard Cuthbertson and Wojciech PiotrowiczSmart retailing and smart store 912Eleonora Pantano and Charles DennisTransformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) in retailing 916Patricia ChewPART 9: SUSTAINABILITY AND OTHER SOCIETAL CHALLENGES9.1 CSR and sustainability in retailingThe booming of second-hand retailing 924Dominique RouxCorporate digital responsibility (CDR) in retailing 928James Tarbit , Nicole Hartley, and Werner KunzThe emergence of social supermarkets 934Lopamudra Patnaik SaxenaFood waste and retailing 937Sarra Azib, Morgane Innocent, Bertrand Urien, and Patrick GabrielLocal food distribution systems 940Yuna ChiffoleauRetailing and the circular economy 943Peter JonesRetailing organic produce 947Peter JonesSustainability and greening of retailing 950Delphine Godefroit-WinkelSustainable marketing and the distribution sector 956Sihem Dekhili9.2 Retailing and societyArt and retailing, art in retailing 959Nathalie LemarchandEthnic retailing in North America 961Zhixi Cecilia ZhuangHealth, obesity, and modern retailing 965Karen Glanz and Allison KarpynKids and retailing: children and the world of retailing 967Joël BréeKosher retailing and kosher certification 972Joe M. Regenstein and Carrie E. RegensteinResilience in the retail sector 974George MaglarasThe retail dimension in movies 977Camal Gallouj and Amal GalloujRetailing and third places 984Bethan Alexander and Anthony KentRetailing in conflict areas – a case study of Palestine 987Rabeh MorrarThe retailing of religious products 992Marie-Catherine Paquier and Sophie Morin-DelermRetailtainment and fun shopping: shopping as leisure 994Camal Gallouj and Noureddine SelmiShopping and the store in children’s books 997Amal Gallouj and Camal GalloujStore closures: the impact on consumers and retailers 1003Hans Haans