Electroceramics for High Performance Supercapicitors

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management; converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials. Sayed Mohammed Adnan, PhD, works in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, India. He is currently developing prototype devices and coin cells for electric vehicles (EVs) and portable devices in collaboration with industries for advanced chemical cells.

• Preface xiii1 Lead-Free Energy Storage Ceramics 1Sahidul Islam, Arindam Das and Ujjwal Mandal1.1 Introduction 21.2 Dielectric Capacitor and Energy Storage 31.3 Energy Storage of Dielectric Ceramics Free of Lead 61.4 Conclusion and Outlooks 14Acknowledgments 15References 152 Lead-Based Ceramics for High-Performance Supercapacitors 25Muneer Hussain, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Ata-ur-Rehman and Syed Mustansar Abbas2.1 Introduction 262.2 General Idea of Ceramics for Supercapacitors 272.2.1 Metallic Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors 282.2.2 Binary Metal Oxides 282.2.2.1 Ceramics of Spinal Oxide Material 282.2.2.2 Barium Titanate Ceramics 312.2.3 Multimetal Oxidized Ceramics 322.2.4 Metal Hydroxide-Type Ceramics 322.3 Principle Involved in Electroceramics 342.3.1 Electrostatic Capacitor 342.4 Lead-Based Ceramics 362.4.1 Lead-Based Ferroelectrics 362.4.2 Lead-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics 372.4.3 Lead-Based Anti-Ferroelectrics 372.5 Characteristics of Lead-Based Ceramics 392.5.1 Characteristics of Lead Zirconate Titanate 392.5.2 Characteristics of Lead Magnesium Niobate 392.5.3 Characteristics of Lead Zinc Niobate 392.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 402.6.1 Up-to-Date Sintering and Molding Process 402.6.2 Microscopical and Flexible Ceramics Electrode Materials 402.6.3 Improvement of Efficiency of the Ceramic Electrode Materials 41References 413 Ceramic Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors 53Santhosh G. and Nayaka G. P.3.1 Introduction 533.2 Energy Storage Principles 563.3 Factors Optimizing Energy Density 573.3.1 The Intrinsic Band Gap (Eg) 573.3.2 Electrical Microstructure 583.3.3 Density and Grain Size 583.4 Ceramics for Supercapacitors 583.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics 593.4.2 Multielemental Oxides 603.5 Conclusions and Outlook 64References 644 Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors 73Dulal Chandra Patra, Nitumoni Deka and Pinku Chandra Nath4.1 Introduction 744.2 Fundamentals of Energy Storage in Electroceramics 754.2.1 Electrostatic Capacitors 754.2.2 Important Factors Designed for Assessing Energy Storage Characteristics 774.3 Important Factors for Maximizing Energy Density 794.3.1 Intrinsic Band Gap 794.3.2 Electrical Microstructure 804.4 Different Types of Electroceramics Capacitors for Energy Storage 804.4.1 Pb-Doped Ceramics 804.4.1.1 Pb-Doped RFEs 804.4.1.2 Lead-Doped Antiferroelectrics 814.4.2 Pb-Free Ceramics 824.4.2.1 BaTiO3-Based Ceramics 824.4.2.2 K0.5Na0.5NbO3-Doped Ceramics 844.4.2.3 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Doped Ceramics 844.4.2.4 AgNbO3-Based Ceramics 854.5 Application of Electroceramics Supercapacitor 854.6 Conclusion 88References 895 Superconductors for Energy Storage 95Navneet Kaur, Mona, Ranjeet Kaur, Jaiveer Singh and Shweta Rana5.1 Introduction 965.1.1 Background 965.1.2 Superconducting Properties 965.1.3 Synthetic Methodology 985.2 Low-Temperature Superconductors 995.2.1 Nb-Ti-Based LTS 995.2.2 Nb3Sn-Based LTS 1005.3 High-Temperature Superconductors 1035.3.1 Cuprate-Based HTS 1035.3.2 Iron-Based Pnictides (Pn) and Chalcogenides (Ch) as HTS 1065.3.3 MgB2-Based HTS 1085.3.4 Hydrides-Based HTS 1095.4 Superconductors in Energy Applications 1115.4.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 1115.4.1.1 Use of SMES in the Power Grid: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) 1195.4.1.2 Use of SMES as Fault Current Limiters 1205.4.2 Use of Superconductors in Accelerator System 1215.4.3 Use of Superconductors in Fusion Technologies 1225.4.4 Challenges Faced During Superconducting Energy Storage 1235.5 Conclusion 124Acknowledgments 125References 1256 Key Factors for Optimizing Energy Density in High-Performance Supercapacitors 135M. Rizwan, Ambreen, A. Ayub and F. Aleena6.1 Supercapacitor 1356.2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 1366.3 Pseudo-Capacitor 1376.4 Hybrid Supercapacitor 1396.4.1 Electrochemical Performance 1396.4.2 Capacitance 1406.4.3 Specific Capacitance 1406.4.4 Energy Density 1406.4.5 Power Density 1416.4.6 Cyclic Stability 1416.5 The Energy Density of Supercapacitor 1426.5.1 Optimization of High Energy Density 1426.5.1.1 Pore Size 1426.5.1.2 Surface Area 1436.5.1.3 Grain Size 1446.5.1.4 Functional Groups 1446.5.1.5 Band Gap 1456.5.2 Effect of Voltage 1456.5.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitors 1466.5.4 Negative Electrode Materials 1476.5.5 Positive Electrode Materials 1476.5.6 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid (Bsh) Device 1486.5.6.1 Lithium-Ion BSH 1496.5.6.2 Na-Ion BSH 1496.5.6.3 Acidic BSH 1506.5.6.4 Alkaline BSH 1506.6 Future Outlook 1516.7 Conclusion 153References 1537 Optimization of Anti-Ferroelectrics 159M. Rizwan, M.A. Salam, K. Aslam and A. Ayub7.1 Introduction 1597.2 Energy Storage Properties 1617.3 Antiferroelectric for Energy Storage 1627.3.1 Lead-Based Antiferroelectric 1637.3.2 Lead-Free Antiferroelectric 1637.3.3 Challenges 1647.4 Explosive Energy Conversion 1657.5 Energy Storage and High-Power Capacitors 1657.6 Thermal-Electric Energy Interconversion 1667.7 Optimization 1667.7.1 Phase Structure Engineering 1667.7.1.1 Planning Phase in a Structural Engineering Project 1677.7.1.2 Design Phase 1677.7.1.3 Construction Phase 1687.7.2 Grain Size Engineering 1697.7.3 Domain Engineering 1707.7.3.1 Phase 1707.7.3.2 Domain Analysis 1707.7.3.3 Domain Design 1717.7.4 Doping 1717.8 Conclusion 172References 1728 Super Capacitive Performance Assessment of Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides and Their Polymer Composites 175Mohammad Faraz Ahmer, Qasim Ullah and Mohammad Kashif Uddin8.1 Introduction 1768.1.1 Electrolyte 1778.1.2 Separator 1778.1.3 Current Collector 1788.1.4 Supercapacitor Electrode Materials 1788.2 Ferromagnetic Electrode Materials 1798.3 Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides 1808.4 Conclusion 194References 1949 Transition Metal Oxides with Broaden Potential Window for High-Performance Supercapacitors 203Nawishta Jabeen, Ahmad Hussain and Jazib Ali9.1 Introduction of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 2049.2 Redox-Based Materials 2059.3 Conducting Polymers 2069.4 Electroactive Metal Oxides or Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) as Electrodes for SCs 2089.4.1 MnO2 as Electrode Material for SCs 2089.4.2 Pseudo-Capacitive Behavior of α-MnO2 by Cation Insertion 2119.4.3 Na0.5MnO2 Nanosheet Assembled Nanowall Arrays for ASCs 2149.4.4 FeOx/FeOOH Material as Negative Electrode 2189.4.5 Carbon-Stabilized Fe3O4@C Nanorod Arrays as an Efficient Anode for SCs 2199.4.6 Electrochemical Performance of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@C NRAs as Anode 2209.4.7 Construction of Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C ASC and Electrochemical Performance 2229.4.8 Highly Efficient NiCo2S4@Fe2O3//MnO2 ASC 2249.4.9 Bi2O3 as Negative Electrode with Broaden Potential Window 2259.5 Conclusion 225References 22610 Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes 233Ranganatha S.10.1 Introduction 23310.2 Electrolyte Requirements for High-Performance Supercapacitors 23410.2.1 Conductivity 23410.2.2 Salt Effect 23510.2.3 Solvent Effect 23510.2.4 Electrochemical Stability 23510.2.5 Thermal Stability 23610.3 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance 23610.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 23910.3.2 Acidic Electrolytes 23910.3.2.1 Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors 24010.3.2.2 H 2 So 4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors 24110.3.3 Alkaline Electrolytes 24110.3.3.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors 24210.3.3.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors 24310.3.4 Neutral Electrolyte 24410.3.4.1 Neutral Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors 24410.3.4.2 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors 24610.4 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 248References 24911 Strategies for Improving Energy Storage Properties 255A. Geetha Bhavani and Tanveer Ahmad Wani11.1 Introduction 25511.2 Result and Discussion 25711.2.1 Solid-State Batteries 25811.2.2 Ultracapacitor 25811.2.3 Flywheels 25911.2.4 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Dams 25911.2.5 Rail Energy Storage 26011.2.6 Compressed Storage of Air 26011.2.7 Liquid Air Energy Storage 26011.2.8 Pumped Heat Electrical Storage 26011.2.9 Redox Flow Batteries 26111.2.10 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 26111.2.11 Methane 26111.3 Energy Storage Systems Applications 26111.3.1 Mills 26111.3.2 Homes 26111.3.3 Power Stations and Grid Electricity 26211.3.4 Air Conditioning 26211.3.5 Transportation 26211.3.6 Electronics 26311.4 Energy Storage Systems Economics 26311.5 Impacts on Environment by Electricity Storage 26411.6 Future Prospective 26411.7 Conclusion 265References 26512 State-of-the-Art in Electroceramics for Energy Storage 269M. Rizwan, F. Seerat, A. Ayub and I. Ilyas12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Electroceramics for Energy-Storing Devices 27112.2.1 Bulk-Based Ceramics 27112.2.2 Lead-Free Ceramics 27312.3 Ceramic Multilayers and Films 28012.4 Ceramic Films for Energy Storage in Capacitors 28812.5 Conclusion 291References 29213 Lead-Free Ceramics for High Performance Supercapacitors 297Asma Farrukh, Sara Yaseen, Abdul Ghafar Wattoo, Adnan Khalil, Muhammad Sohaib Ali, Kamran Ikram and Muhammad Bilal Tahir13.1 Introduction 29713.2 Ceramics 29913.2.1 General Classification of Ceramics 30013.2.1.1 Ceramic-Based Capacitors 30013.3 Types of Ceramic Capacitors 30113.4 Overview of Ceramics for Supercapacitors 30113.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors 30213.4.2 Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors 30313.4.2.1 Spinel Oxide Ceramics 30313.5 Lead-Based Ceramics 30413.6 Lead-Free Ceramics 30513.6.1 Analysis of Pb-Free Hybrid Materials for Energy Conversion 30613.7 Comparison of Pb-Based Ceramics and Pb-Free Ceramics 30813.8 Conclusion 309References 310Index 315