Bio-Based Solvents

EditorsFrançois Jérôme, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, FranceRafael Luque, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain Series Editor Christian Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium

• List of Contributors ixSeries Preface xiForeword xiii1 Glycerol as Eco-Efficient Solvent for Organic Transformations 1Palanisamy Ravichandiran and Yanlong Gu1.1 Introduction 11.2 Metal-Free Organic Transformations in Glycerol 31.3 Metal-Promoted Organic Transformations in Glycerol 151.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 23Acknowledgements 23References 232 Aromatic Bio-Based Solvents 29Egid B. Mubofu, James Mgaya, and Joan J. E. Munissi2.1 Introduction 292.2 Resorcinolic Lipids 302.2.1 General Description 302.2.2 Occurrence of Alkylresorcinols 302.2.3 Extraction of Alkylresorcinols 312.2.4 Scientific Interest in Alkylresorcinols 352.3 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 382.3.1 Description and Occurrence 382.3.2 Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 382.3.3 Scientific Interest in Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 392.4 Conclusion 43References 433 Solvents from Waste 49Fergal Byrne, Saimeng Jin, James Sherwood, C. Rob McElroy, Thomas J. Farmer, James H. Clark, and Andrew J. Hunt3.1 Introduction 493.2 Lignocellulosic Waste as a Feedstock for the Production of Solvents 523.2.1 Chemical Transformations of Sugars 533.2.2 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Waste 603.3 Solvents from Used Cooking Oil 653.4 Terpenes and Derivatives 673.5 Conclusion 71References 734 Deep Eutectic and Low-Melting Mixtures 83Karine de Oliveira Vigier and Joaquín García-Álvarez4.1 Introduction 834.2 Deep Eutectic and Low-Melting Mixtures: Definition and Composition 854.3 Deep Eutectic and Low-Melting Mixtures in Metal-Catalysed Organic Reactions 874.3.1 Metal-Catalysed Organic Reactions in ChCl-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents 874.3.2 Metal-Catalysed Organic Reactions in Low-Melting Mixtures 904.4 Conversion of Carbohydrates 924.4.1 Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Carbohydrates in Low-Melting Mixture 954.4.2 Synthesis of Furanic Compounds (Furfural and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural) in ChCl-Based DeepEutectic Solvents 1014.5 Extraction with or from Deep Eutectic Solvents 1044.6 Conclusion 107References 1085 Organic Carbonates: Promising Reactive Solvents for Biorefineries and Biotechnology 115Paula Bracco and Pablo Domínguez de María5.1 The Quest for Sustainable Solvents and the Emerging Role of Organic Carbonates 1155.2 Carbonate Solvents in Biorefineries 1175.3 Biotechnology: from Enzymatic Synthesis of Organic Carbonates to Enzyme Catalysis in these Non-Conventional Media 1245.4 Concluding Remarks 127References 1276 Life Cycle Assessment for Green Solvents 131Philippe Loubet, Michael Tsang, Eskinder Gemechu, Amandine Foulet, and Guido Sonnemann6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Life Cycle Assessment: an Overview 1336.3 Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Conventional Solvents 1366.4 Critical Review of Life Cycle Assessment Applied to Green Solvents 1376.4.1 Criteria of the Review 1376.4.2 Results of the Review 1376.5 Discussion: Methodological Challenges 1436.5.1 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: from Lab, to Pilot, to Industrial Scale 1436.5.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: Use of Up-to-Date Methods 1436.5.3 Coupling Life Cycle Analysis with Other Environmental Assessment Methods 1446.5.4 Using Multi-Criteria Decision Approaches for Life Cycle Analysis 1456.5.5 Broadening the Scope of the Application of Life Cycle Analysis for Solvents 1456.6 Conclusion 146References 1467 Alkylphenols as Bio-Based Solvents: Properties, Manufacture and Applications 149Yuhe Liao, Annelies Dewaele, Danny Verboekend, and Bert F. Sels7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Properties of Alkylphenols 1517.3 Manufacture of Alkylphenols 1527.3.1 Oil-Derived Synthesis 1537.3.2 Separation from Coal Tar 1547.3.3 (Methoxylated) Alkylphenols from Lignin 1557.4 Alkylphenols as Solvent 1587.5 Other Applications of Alkylphenols 1627.6 Stability and Toxicity of Alkylphenols 1637.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 164Acknowledgements 164References 165Index 175