Advances in Smart Nanomaterials and their Applications

Azamal Husen is a scholar with over two decades of experience in botanical sciences, nanobiotechnology, plant physiology, environmental botany, medicinal plants, and clonal propagation. He previously served as a Full Professor and Head of the Department of Biology at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia, and is currently a foreign delegate at Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia, as well as an Adjunct Professor at Graphic Era University, India. He has also held senior academic roles at Sankalchand Patel University, the Forest Research Institute, and Doon College of Agriculture and Forest in Dehradun, India. Prof. Husen’s research has been supported by major organizations including the World Bank, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. He has contributed extensively to curriculum development, faculty training, and international conferences. A prolific author and editor, he has been recognized among Stanford University’s World’s Top 2% Scientists since 2020 and honored by the University of Gondar for his outstanding service. Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi graduated as a Master of Science in 1969, a Master of Philosophy in 1971, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1973 from the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. His specialization is inorganic chemistry. He is a former Chairman and Emeritus Professor of the department of chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He was appointed as a Lecturer in 1974, Reader in 1983, and Professor in 1993. His research interests are coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, organoborate chemistry, and nanochemistry. Siddiqi has published 190 research papers in different areas of chemistry.

• List of contributors xvAbout the editors xixPreface xxiKey features xxiii1. Nanomaterials: introduction, synthesis, characterization, and applications 1Tadege Belay, Limenew Abate Worku, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Archana Bachheti and Azamal HusenAbbreviations 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Classification of nanomaterials 31.2.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles 31.3 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles 51.3.1 Ceramics nanoparticles 61.3.2 Semiconductor nanoparticles 71.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 71.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticles 71.4 Properties of nanomaterials 71.5 Synthesis of nanoparticles 81.6 Factors affecting the synthesis of nanomaterials 91.6.1 Particular method 91.6.2 pH 91.6.3 Temperature 91.6.4 Pressure 121.6.5 Time 121.6.6 Preparation cost 121.6.7 Particle size and shape 121.6.8 Pore size 121.6.9 Environment 131.6.10 Proximity 131.6.11 Other factors 131.7 Characterization techniques 131.8 Applications of nanomaterials 151.9 Conclusion 16References 172. Smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 23Ankush D. Sontakke, Deepti, Niladri Shekhar Samanta and Mihir K. Purkait2.1 Introduction 232.2 Classification of smart nanomaterials 262.2.1 Physical responsive nanomaterials 272.2.2 Chemical responsive nanomaterials 292.2.3 Biological responsive nanomaterials 312.3 Significance and adaptability of smart nanomaterials for the medical industry 322.4 Smart nanomaterials and their potential use in the medical industry 332.4.1 Carbon-based smart nanomaterials 332.4.2 Inorganic smart nanomaterials 352.4.3 Polymeric smart nanomaterials 372.5 Applications of smart nanomaterials in the medical industry 382.5.1 Multifunctional drug delivery system 382.5.2 Tissue engineering 392.5.3 Biosensing and bioimaging 402.5.4 Photodynamic therapy 412.5.5 Magnetic resonance imaging 422.5.6 Toxicological aspects of smart nanomaterials 432.6 Challenges and future prospective 442.7 Conclusion 44References 453. Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 51Xing Gao, En Ren, Chengchao Chu, Yun Zeng and Gang Liu3.1 Introduction 513.1.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma 513.1.2 Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 533.1.3 Lipiodol 533.1.4 Nanomedicine 543.2 Nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 553.2.1 Coarse emulsions 553.2.2 Pickering emulsion 563.2.3 Homogeneous formulation 563.3 Functions and applications of nanomedicine-lipiodol formulations 573.3.1 Drug delivery 573.3.2 Imaging 583.3.3 Precise surgical navigation 623.3.4 Combined therapy 643.4 Conclusions and perspectives 67Acknowledgments 68References 684. Role of nanotechnology in cancer therapies: recent advances, current issues, and approaches 73Madhusudhan Alle and Md. Adnan4.1 Introduction 734.2 Photothermal therapy 774.3 Photodynamic therapy 784.4 Sonodynamic therapy 794.4.1 Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy 804.4.2 Sonosensitizers 814.5 Starvation therapy 824.5.1 Glucose oxidase-mediated cancer starvation therapy 844.5.2 Glucose oxidase-based cancer monotherapy 844.5.3 Synergistic starvation/chemotherapy 844.5.4 Glucose oxidase-inducing cancer starvation and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy 854.6 Cancer immunotherapy 854.6.1 Cancer-immunity cycle 864.6.2 Nanomaterials cancer immunotherapy 874.7 Conclusion 88References 885. Lipid-based cubosome nanoparticle mediated efficient and controlled vesicular drug delivery for cancer therapy 97Rittick Mondal, Harshita Shand, Anoop Kumar, Hanen Sellami, Suvankar Ghorai, Amit Kumar Mandal and Azamal Husen5.1 Introduction 975.2 Structure and advantages of cubosome nanoparticles 985.3 Synthesis of cubosome nanoparticles 985.3.1 Topdown techniques 995.3.2 Bottomup techniques 1005.4 Characterization of cubosome nanoparticles 1005.5 Application of cubosome nanoparticles as an anticancer drug delivery carrier 1015.6 The future aspect of cubosome nanoparticles 1035.7 Conclusion 104References 1056. Smart nanomaterials and control of biofilms 109Ajay Kumar Chauhan, Surendra Pratap Singh, Bhoomika Yadav, Samvedna Khatri and Azamal Husen6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Biofilm 1106.2.1 Structure and development of biofilms 1116.2.2 Function of biofilms 1126.3 Various types of biofilms 1136.3.1 Bacterial 1136.3.2 Mycobacteria 1136.3.3 Fungi 1136.3.4 Algae 1166.4 Various techniques to control biofilm 1166.4.1 Ultraviolet irradiation 1166.4.2 Chlorine 1166.4.3 Hydrogen peroxide 1176.4.4 Nitrous oxide 1176.5 Barriers to conventional treatment methods 1176.5.1 Antibiotic resistance 1176.5.2 Microenvironment of biofilm 1186.5.3 Control of biofilm using nanoparticles 1186.6 Various types of nanomaterials used for biofilm control 1186.6.1 Metallic nanomaterials 1196.6.2 Nonmetallic inorganic nanomaterials 1206.6.3 Lipid-based nanomaterials 1206.6.4 Polymeric nanomaterials 1216.7 Conclusion and prospects 121References 1227. Antimicrobial activities of nanomaterials 127Limenew Abate Worku, Deepti, Yenework Nigussie, Archana Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti and Azamal HusenAbbreviations 1277.1 Introduction 1277.2 Microbial resistance to nanoparticles 1287.3 The effects of nanoparticles on microbial resistance 1297.4 Antibacterial mechanisms of nanoparticles 1297.5 Antimicrobial activities of various nanoparticles 1317.5.1 Silver nanoparticle 1317.5.2 Gold nanoparticles metal-oxide nanoparticles 1327.5.3 Biopolymers 1367.5.4 Natural essential oil 1387.6 Antibacterial application of nanoparticles 1407.6.1 Food packaging 1407.6.2 Wound dressing application 1417.7 Conclusion 142References 1428. Management of infectious disease and biotoxin elimination using nanomaterials 149Ghazala Sultan, Inamul Hasan Madar, Syeda Mahvish Zahra, Mahpara Safdar, Umar Farooq Alahmad, Mahamuda Begum, Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hawn Oh8.1 Introduction 1498.1.1 Nanomaterials and nanotechnology 1498.1.2 Applications of nanotechnology 1508.1.3 Challenges in nanotechnology 1528.2 Management of infectious disease based on nanotechnology 1538.2.1 Identification of pathogens 1538.2.2 Gold nanoparticles 1538.2.3 Silver nanoparticles 1548.2.4 Quantum dots 1548.2.5 Fluorescent polymeric nanoparticle 1548.3 Bacterial disinfection and drug resistance bacteria controlled by nanotechnology 1548.4 Treatment of infectious diseases based on nanotechnology 1628.4.1 Nanomaterials as a treatment tool 1628.4.2 Antimicrobial nanomaterials in treatment 1638.4.3 Nanotherapies for viral infections 1658.5 Biotoxin elimination using nanomaterials 1668.6 Silica nanoreactor polyethylene glycol for nanodetoxification 1678.6.1 Mycotoxin eliminations using nanotechnology 1678.7 Limitations of available nanodetoxification methods 167References 1689. Nanomaterials and their application in microbiology disciplines 175Arvind Arya, Pankaj Kumar Tyagi, Sandeep Kumar and Azamal Husen9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Application of nanomaterials in water microbiology 1769.2.1 Use of nanoparticles in water disinfection 1779.3 Application of nanomaterials in food microbiology 1789.3.1 Roles of nanotechnology in food adulteration analysis 1809.3.2 Food safety analysis using nanomaterial and devices 1829.3.3 Detection of food pathogens using nanosensors 1839.3.4 Application of nanosensors in the detection of toxins 1839.3.5 Application of nanosensors in the detection of chemicals and pesticides in food 1839.3.6 Nanomaterials for protection from allergens 1849.3.7 Application of nano barcodes in product authenticity 1849.3.8 Nanomaterials for the inhibition of biofilm formation 1859.4 Application of nanomaterials in medical biology and immunology 1859.5 Application of nanomaterials in agricultural microbiology 1869.6 Conclusion and future prospective 193References 19410. Smart nanomaterials in biosensing applications 207Arvind Arya and Azamal HusenAbbreviations 20710.1 Introduction 20710.2 Smart nanomaterials and their applications by types 20810.2.1 Types of smart nanomaterials 21010.2.2 Applications of smart nanomaterials 21010.2.3 Carbon allotrope-based nanomaterials 21110.3 Application of smart nanomaterials in biosensing 21510.3.1 Biomedical diagnosis 21610.3.2 Food quality control 21710.3.3 Pesticide detection and environment monitoring 21710.4 Conclusion and prospects 224References 22411. Use of smart nanomaterials in food packaging 233Nikita Singh, Smriti Gaur, Sonam Chawla, Sachidanand Singh and Azamal HusenAbbreviations 23311.1 Introduction 23311.2 Functions of packaging in food processing 23511.3 Applications of nano-materials in food products packaging 23511.3.1 Active packaging 23511.3.2 Intelligent/smart packaging 23611.4 Exposure and migration of nano-materials to food 23811.5 Risks of nano-materials in food and food products packaging 23911.6 Present public interest and regulation for nanomaterials in food packaging 24011.7 Future perspectives 24011.8 Conclusion 241References 24212. Nanosensors in food science and technology 247Anweshan, Pranjal P. Das, Simons Dhara and Mihir K. Purkait12.1 Introduction 24712.2 A general overview of sensors and nanosensors 24812.3 Nano-sensing techniques 24912.3.1 Electrochemical sensors 24912.3.2 Colorimetric sensors 25012.3.3 Photoluminescence sensors 25112.4 Fabrication methods of nanosensors 25212.4.1 Electrodeposition and electropolymerization 25212.4.2 Electrospinning and electrospraying 25312.4.3 Lithography and fiber pulling 25312.4.4 Green synthesis of nanosensors 25412.5 Classification of sensory nanostructures 25512.5.1 Nanoparticles 25512.5.2 Carbon nanomaterials 25612.5.3 Nanowires 25712.6 Nanosensors for detection of spoilage in food 25812.6.1 Detection of pathogens in edible items 25812.6.2 Detection of toxins 25812.6.3 Detection of gases and pH change to expose food spoilage 25912.7 Nanosensors for detection of adulteration in food 25912.7.1 Detection of additives 25912.7.2 Detection of sugars and melamine 26012.7.3 Detection of urea 26112.8 Nanosensors for quality evaluation of beverages 26112.8.1 Detection of nutrients and antioxidants 26112.8.2 Detection of chemical contaminants and heavy metals 26312.9 Nanosensors for smart food packaging 26412.10 Challenges and future perspectives 26512.11 Conclusion 266References 26713. Nanosensors for detection of volatile organic compounds 273Tanmay Vyas, Kamakshi Parsai, Isha Dhingra and Abhijeet Joshi13.1 Introduction 27313.1.1 Environmental pollution 27313.1.2 What are volatile compounds 27413.1.3 Volatile compounds as pollutants 27413.1.4 What are nanosensors? 27713.2 Methods of detection of volatile organic compounds 27713.2.1 Extraction techniques 27813.2.2 Classical methods of detection 27913.2.3 Sensing techniques for detection of volatile organic compounds 28113.3 Materials used in nanosensors detecting volatile organic compounds 28413.3.1 Conducting polymeric matrix 28413.3.2 Carbon material matrix 28513.3.3 Metal oxides 28713.4 Nanosensor based sensing 28813.5 Why nanosensor for detection 29013.6 Applications of nano sensors-based detection 29113.7 Conclusion 292References 29214. Nanomaterials in cosmetics and dermatology 297Deepak Kulkarni, Santosh Shelke, Shubham Musale, Prabhakar Panzade, Karishma Sharma and Prabhanjan Giram14.1 Introduction 29714.2 Different materials are used for the fabrication of nanocarriers for cosmetics and dermatological use 29914.2.1 Metallic materials 29914.2.2 Carbon-based nano-materials 30014.2.3 Polymers and lipids 30014.3 Nanocarriers for cosmetics and dermatological use 30114.3.1 Liposomes 30214.3.2 Niosomes 30214.3.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles 30214.3.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers 30314.3.5 Nanoemulsion 30314.3.6 Nanocapsules and nanospheres 30314.3.7 Nanocrystals 30414.3.8 Nanoparticles 30414.4 Characterization of nanomaterials 30414.5 Functionalized nanomaterials for cosmetics and dermatological use 30714.5.1 Functional nanomaterials for cosmetics 30714.5.2 Functional nanomaterials for dermatology 30814.6 Applications 30914.6.1 Ultraviolet protecting agents 30914.6.2 Phototherapy 30914.6.3 Inflammatory diseases 31014.6.4 Antiseptic and wound healing 31014.6.5 Skin cancer therapy 31114.6.6 Sebaceous gland diseases 31114.6.7 Cosmetics 31114.7 Toxicity assessment of nanomaterials for cosmetic and dermatological use(in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo) 31314.7.1 In vitro 31314.7.2 In vivo 31414.7.3 Ex vivo 31414.8 Cosmetic and dermatological marketed product 31514.9 Patent scenario 31614.10 Conclusion 317Acknowledgment 317References 31715. Development of eco-friendly smart textiles from nanomaterials 325Jayasankar Janeni and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya15.1 Introduction 32515.2 Eco-friendly nanomaterial 32615.2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials 32615.2.2 Conductive polymer composites 32715.2.3 Biopolymers 32715.3 Applications of nanomaterial for smart textiles 32815.3.1 Wearable sensors 32815.3.2 Body signal monitoring 32915.3.3 Energy harvesting 33015.3.4 Nanocoatings for smart textiles 33015.4 Conclusion and future trends 332References 33316. Energy storage properties of nanomaterials 337Mukesh Sharma, Pranjal P. Das and Mihir K. Purkait16.1 Introduction 33716.1.1 Nanomaterials for anode 33816.1.2 Nanomaterials for cathode 33816.2 Nanomaterials for lithium-ion battery applications 33916.3 Advances and phenomena enabled by nanomaterials in energy storage 34116.4 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based energy storage devices 34216.5 Surface chemistry and impurities in the microstructures for lithium-ion battery applications 34216.5.1 Additive in organic liquid electrolyte 34216.5.2 Surface modifications 34316.6 Microstructure materials for supercapacitor applications 34516.6.1 Electrochromism 34516.6.2 Supercapacitor battery-hybrid device 34516.7 Nanomaterials for hydrogen storage 34616.8 Challenges and prospects 34716.9 Conclusions 347References 34817. Smart nanomaterials based on metals and metal oxides for photocatalytic applications 351Ahmed Kotb, Rabeea D. Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed S. Ali and Hassanien Gomaa17.1 Introduction 35117.2 Nanomaterial’s preparation approaches 35217.2.1 Bottomup approaches 35217.2.2 Topdown approaches 35217.3 Characterization of smart nanomaterial-based catalysts 35317.3.1 Structural characterization 35317.3.2 Morphology characterization: electron microscopy 35617.3.3 Dynamic light scattering 35917.3.4 Optical characterization 35917.3.5 BET surface area 36117.3.6 Impedance spectroscopy 36217.4 Applications of nanomaterial-based catalysts 36317.4.1 Water purification 36317.4.2 Biodiesel production 36517.4.3 Photocatalysis 36717.4.4 Photocatalytic fuel cell 36817.5 Metal-based nanomaterials 37117.5.1 Silver nanoparticles 37317.5.2 Gold nanoparticles 37517.5.3 Platinum nanoparticles and palladium nanoparticles 37717.6 Metal oxide-based nanomaterials 37817.6.1 TiO2 preparation and photocatalytic applications 37817.6.2 ZnO preparation and photocatalytic applications 38017.6.3 Iron oxides preparation and photocatalytic applications 38117.6.4 Bi2O3 preparation and photocatalytic applications 38417.7 Metal-TiO2 nanocomposite 38517.7.1 Ag@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 38617.7.2 Au@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 39217.7.3 Pd@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 39317.7.4 Pt@TiO2 nanocomposite: preparation and photocatalytic applications 40017.8 Conclusion and perspectives 404References 40418. Nanomaterials in the oil and gas industry 423Subhash Nandlal Shah and Muili Feyisitan Fakoya18.1 Introduction 42318.2 Drilling and hydraulic fracturing fluids 42418.3 Enhanced oil recovery (including nanoparticle transport, and emulsion and foam stability) 42818.4 Oilwell cementing 43318.5 Heavy oil viscosity 43518.6 Formation fines migration 43618.7 Other applications 43718.7.1 Cement spacers 43718.7.2 Corrosion inhibition 43818.7.3 Logging operations 43918.7.4 Hydrocarbon detection 43918.7.5 Methane release from gas hydrates 43918.7.6 Drag reduction in porous media 44018.8 Conclusions 440References 44019. Use of nanomaterials in agricultural sectors 445Gulamnabi Vanti, Shivakumar Belur and Azamal HusenAbbreviations 44519.1 Introduction 44619.1.1 Phyto-nanotechnology 44719.1.2 Nanobiosensors in agroecosystems 44819.1.3 Nanomaterials in food processing and packaging 45719.1.4 Nanoparticles in plant disease management 45819.1.5 Nano fertilizers 45919.2 Conclusion 460References 46020. Use of nanomaterials in the forest industry 469Paras Porwal, Hamid R. Taghiyari and Azamal Husen20.1 Introduction 46920.2 Application of nanotechnology for woodbased sectors 47020.2.1 Nanotechnology in wood preservation and modification 47020.3 Wood composites 47120.4 Wood coatings 47420.5 Improving wood durability 47520.6 Improving water absorption 47520.7 Improving mechanical property 47620.8 Improving UV absorption 47620.9 Improving fire retardancy 47720.10 Pulp and paper industry 47820.11 Reinforcing agents 47920.12 Coating nanomaterials 47920.13 Retention agents 47920.14 Fillers 48020.15 Sizing agents 48020.16 Nanocellulose potentials in the development of sensor devices 48020.17 Nanotoxicity: a safety concern 48120.18 Conclusion 481References 48221. Management of wastewater and other environmental issues using smart nanomaterials 489Mohammad Asif Raja, Md Asad Ahmad, Md Daniyal and Azamal Husen21.1 Introduction 48921.2 Wastewater and their sources 49121.3 Other environmental issues associated with wastewater 49121.4 Introduction of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment 49321.4.1 Caron-based nanomaterials 49521.4.2 Carbon nanotubes 49521.4.3 Graphene-based nanomaterials 49621.4.4 Graphitic carbon nitrate (g-C3N4) 49821.4.5 Silica-based nanomaterials 49821.4.6 Polymer-based nanomaterials 49821.5 Conclusion 499References 500Further reading 50322. 3D and 4D nanocomposites 505Kalyan Vydiam and Sudip MukherjeeAbbreviations 50522.1 Introduction 50522.2 Types of nanocomposites 50822.2.1 Ceramic nanocomposites 50822.2.2 Polymer nanocomposites 50922.2.3 Metallic nanocomposites 50922.3 Characterization techniques 51022.3.1 X-ray diffraction 51022.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis 51022.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy 51122.3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 51122.3.5 Four-point probe 51222.4 Applications 51222.4.1 Ceramic nanocomposites 51222.4.2 Polymeric nanocomposites 51322.4.3 Metallic nanocomposites 51522.5 Conclusions 517Acknowledgment 518References 51823. Nanodimensional materials: an approach toward the biogenic synthesis 523Tahmeena Khan, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Saman Raza, Saima Zehra, Naseem Ahmad and Azamal Husen23.1 Introduction 52323.2 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles 52423.3 Mechanism of the synthesis of nanoparticles 52623.4 Factors affecting the synthesis of plant-based nanoparticles 52623.4.1 pH-dependent effect 52723.4.2 Role of temperature 52723.4.3 Incubation period 52823.4.4 Plant biomass concentration 52823.5 Some important plant-derived nanoparticles 52923.5.1 Metal nanoparticles 52923.5.2 Metal-oxide nanoaprticles 53223.6 Characterization of nanoparticles 54223.6.1 UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy 54223.6.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 54423.6.3 Transmission electron microscopy 54623.6.4 Other important characterization techniques 54823.7 Applications of nanoaprticles 55023.7.1 Applications of nanoaprticles in medicine 55023.7.2 Applications of nanoparticles in bioremediation 55423.8 Conclusion 556References 55624. Mycogenic-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles and their efficient applications 569Noureen Ansari, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Tahmeena Khan, Azhar Khan, Riyazuddeen Khan, Javed Ahmad Wagay and Azamal Husen24.1 Introduction 56924.2 The superiority of fungi over other microbes 57124.3 Mechanisms of fungi-derived nanoparticles 57324.4 Synthesis of fungal-mediated nanoparticles 57424.5 Applications of nanoparticles 58224.5.1 Antimicrobial applications 58324.5.2 Environmental applications 58624.5.3 Agricultural applications 58724.5.4 Miscellaneous applications 58824.6 Conclusion 589References 58925. Green nanomaterials for clean environment: recent advances, challenges, and applications 597Sumathi Malairajan, Murugan Karuvelan, Jayshree Annamalai, Subashini Rajakannu, Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hawn Oh25.1 Introduction 59725.2 Green nanoparticles and their synthesis 59825.2.1 Bacteria 59825.2.2 Actinomycetes 60225.2.3 Viruses 60225.2.4 Fungi 60325.2.5 Algae 60325.2.6 Plants 60525.3 Green methods in stabilization of green nanoparticles 60525.4 Charaterization of bio-synthesized nanoparticles 60725.5 Application of green nanoparticles 60725.5.1 Environmental 60725.5.2 Medicine 60925.5.3 Electrochemistry 60925.5.4 Biosensing 61025.6 Advantages and disadvantages of green nanoparticles 61025.7 Recent advances 61125.8 Future challenges 61125.9 Conclusion 612References 61226. Smart nanomaterials—environmental safety, risks, legal issues, and management 619Kalyan Vydiam and Sudip MukherjeeAbbreviations 61926.1 Introduction to smart nanomaterials 62026.1.1 Nanotechnology and nanoparticles 62026.1.2 Synthesis of nanomaterials 62026.1.3 Characterization techniques 62126.1.4 Types of stimuli 62126.2 Smart nanomaterials in human health and environmental applications 62226.2.1 Smart nanomaterials for human health applications 62226.2.2 Smart nanomaterials for environmental applications 62326.3 Potential risks and safety precautions 62426.3.1 Potential risks associated with smart nanomaterials 62426.3.2 Safety precautions for regulating smart nanomaterials 62626.4 Regulatory network and legal issues 62826.4.1 Present regulatory network for smart nanomaterials 62826.4.2 Legal issues with smart nanomaterials 63026.5 Conclusion 630Acknowledgment 631References 631Index 635