TBM Excavation in Difficult Ground Conditions

Prof. Dr. Nuh Bilgin is professor at the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University. He has published more than one hundred papers on mechanized mining and tunneling technologies, and is currently chairman of the Turkish Tunneling Society.Prof. Dr. Hanifi Copur works as an academician in the Mining Engineering Department of the Istanbul Technical University. He is an expert for mechanical mining and tunneling and is a board member of the Turkish Tunneling Society. Prof. Dr. Cemal Balci is professor at the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University, and has worked on many national and international implementation and research projects concerning mechanized mining and tunneling technologies. He is a board member of the Turkish Tunneling Society.

• Preface VII Acknowledgements IXAbout the Authors XI1 Introduction 12 Geology of Turkey and Istanbul, expected problems, some cuttability characteristics of the rocks 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Geology of Turkey 32.3 Geology of Istanbul 42.4 TBM performance in different projects in Istanbul 62.5 Description of geological formations in Istanbul, physical and mechanical properties 82.6 Full-scale linear rock cutting tests with disc cutters in rock samples collected from different projects in Istanbul 402.7 Conclusions 68References 703 Difficult ground conditions dictating selection of TBM type in Istanbul 733.1 Introduction 733.2 Case study of open TBM in complex geology (1989), in Baltalimani tunnel: Why open type TBM failed 733.3 Double shield TBM in the Istanbul–Moda collector tunnel, 1989/90 803.4 Double shield TBM working without precast segment, difficulties in difficult ground: Tuzla-Dragos tunnel in Istanbul 803.5 Difficulties in using slurry TBMs in complicated geology, Marmaray tunnel project 843.6 Difficulties in single-shield TBM working in open mode in complex geology: An example from Kadikoy–Kartal metro tunnel 863.7 Eurasia tunnel excavated by a large diameter slurry TBM 883.8 Conclusions 88References 904 Difficult ground conditions affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 914.1 Introduction 914.2 Factors affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 924.3 Performance prediction of EPM TBMs in difficult ground conditions 934.4 Conclusions 106References 1075 Selection of cutter type for difficult ground conditions 1095.1 Introduction 1095.2 Comparative studies of different type of cutters for Tuzla–Dragos tunnel in Istanbul – test procedure and results 1095.3 The inefficient use of tungsten carbide studded disc cutters in the Marmaray–Istanbul project 1145.4 Conclusions 115References 1166 Effects of North and East Anatolian Faults on TBM performances 1176.1 Introduction 1176.2 Kargi tunnel 1176.3 Gerede tunnel 1186.4 Dogancay energy tunnel 1206.5 Nurdagi railway tunnel 1226.6 Uluabat energy tunnel 1236.7 Tunnels excavated by drill and blast methods 1266.8 Conclusions 127References 1287 Effect of blocky ground on TBM performance and the mechanism of rock rupture 1297.1 Introduction 1297.2 Mechanism of rock rupture and face collapse in front of the TBM in the Kozyatagi–Kadikoy metro tunnels in Istanbul 1317.3 Conclusions 140References 1418 Effects of transition zones, dykes, fault zones and rock discontinuities on TBM performance 1438.1 Introduction 1438.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel 1438.3 Kartal–Kadikoy metro tunnels, methodology of understanding critical zones 1538.4 Conclusions 163References 1659 Squeezing grounds and their effects on TBM performance 1679.1 Introduction 1679.2 Basic works carried out on squeezing ground 1679.3 Uluabat tunnel 1689.4 Kargi Tunnel 179References 18610 Clogging of the TBM cutterhead 18910.1 Introduction 18910.2 What is clogging of a TBM cutterhead and what are the clogging materials? 18910.3 Testing clogging effects of the ground 18910.4 Mitigation programs to eliminate clogging 19110.5 Clogging of TBMs in Turkish projects 19210.6 Conclusions 207References 20811 Effect of high strength rocks on TBM performance 21111.1 Introduction 21111.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel, replacing CCS disc cutters with V-type disc cutters to overcome undesirable limits of penetration for a maximum limit of TBM thrust 21111.3 Nurdagi tunnel, full-scale cutting tests to obtain optimum TBM design parameters in very high strength and abrasive rock formation 21311.4 Beylerbeyi–Kucuksu wastewater tunnel, TBM performance in high strength rock formation 21611.5 Tuzla-Akfirat wastewater tunnel, TBM performance in high strength rocks 22111.6 Conclusions 222References 22312 Effect of high abrasivity on TBM performance 22512.1 Introduction 22512.2 Determination of the abrasivity 22912.3 Empirical prediction methods for disc cutter consumption 23212.4 Examples of cutter consumptions on TBMs in Turkey 23912.5 Conclusions 269References 27113 Effect of methane and other gases on TBM performance 27313.1 Properties of methane 27313.2 Selimpasa wastewater tunnel, methane explosion in the pressure chamber of an EPB-TBM 27513.3 Gas flaming in the Silvan irrigation tunnel 28413.4 More gas-related accident examples for mechanized tunneling 28713.5 Conclusions 290References 29114 Probe drilling ahead of TBMs in difficult ground conditions 29314.1 Introduction 29314.2 General information on probe drilling and previous experiences in different countries 29314.3 Melen water tunnel excavated under the Bosphorus in Istanbul 29514.4 Methodology of predicting weak zones ahead in the Melen water tunnel 29714.5 Kargi energy tunnel 30814.6 Conclusions 316References 31815 Application of umbrella arch in the Kargi project 32115.1 Introduction 32115.2 General concept of umbrella arch and worldwide application 32115.3 Methodology of using umbrella arch in the Kargi project 32215.4 Criteria used for umbrella arch in the Kargi project and the results 32515.5 Conclusions 330References 33116 Index 333